Obstetrics and gynecology. Anatomy of the female genital organs (continued) (most important)

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Obstetrics and gynecology. Anatomy of the female genital organs (continued) (most important)

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2. Anatomy of the female genital organs (continued)

Cervix - This is a narrow cylindrical shape of the lower part of the uterus. It distinguishes between the vaginal part, protruding into the vagina below the arches, and the supravaginal upper part, located above the arches. A narrow cervical canal passes inside the cervix, the upper section of which ends with an internal os, and the lower one with an external one. The cervical canal contains a mucous plug that prevents the penetration of microorganisms from the vagina into the uterus. The walls of the uterus are made up of three layers. The inner layer is a mucous membrane (endometrium) with many glands, covered with ciliated epithelium. In the mucous membrane, two layers are distinguished: the layer adjacent to the muscular membrane, and the surface layer - the functional one, which undergoes cyclic changes. Most of the uterine wall is the middle layer - the muscular (myometrium). The outer - serous (perimetry) layer is the peritoneum covering the uterus. The uterus is located in the cavity of the small pelvis between the bladder and the rectum at the same distance from the walls of the pelvis.

The fallopian tubes start from the corners of the uterus, go to the sides to the side walls of the pelvis. The walls of the tubes consist of three layers: the inner - mucous, covered with a single-layer ciliated epithelium, the cilia of which flicker towards the uterus, the middle - muscular and the outer - serous. In the tube, the interstitial part is distinguished, passing through the thickness of the uterine wall, the isthmic - the most narrowed middle part and the ampullar - the expanded part of the tube, ending with a funnel.

Ovaries are paired glands almond-shaped, size. They are located on both sides of the uterus, behind the broad ligaments, attaching to their back sheets. The ovary is covered with a layer of epithelium, under which the albuginea is located, the cortical substance is located deeper, in which there are numerous primary follicles in different stages of development, corpus luteum. During puberty in the ovaries, the process of maturation and release into the abdominal cavity of mature eggs capable of fertilization monthly rhythmically occurs. The endocrine function of the ovaries is manifested in the production of sex hormones, under the influence of which during puberty the development of secondary sexual characteristics and genital organs occurs.

Ligamentous apparatus of the genital organs and fiber of the small pelvis. The suspensory apparatus of the uterus consists of ligaments, which include paired round, wide, infundibulopelvic and proper ovarian ligaments.

Milk glands. During puberty, the mammary gland has a grape-shaped structure and consists of many vesicles - alveoli, forming large lobules. Each milk duct, before exiting to the surface of the nipple, forms an expansion in the form of a sac - a milk sinus. The interlobular spaces are filled with layers of fibrous connective and adipose tissue. The lobules of the mammary glands contain cells that produce secretion - milk. On the surface of the gland there is a nipple, covered with delicate, wrinkled skin and having a conical or cylindrical shape.

Author: Ivanov A.I.

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