Obstetrics and gynecology. Physiology of the female reproductive system (most important)

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Obstetrics and gynecology. Physiology of the female reproductive system (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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3. Physiology of the female reproductive system

The female reproductive system has four specific functions: menstrual, reproductive, reproductive, and secretory.

menstrual cycle Rhythmically repeated complex changes in the reproductive system and throughout the body of a woman are called, preparing her for pregnancy. Changes during the menstrual cycle are most pronounced in the organs of the reproductive system, especially in the ovaries and uterine mucosa. An important role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle belongs to the hypothalamic-pituitary system. Under the influence of releasing factors of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary gland, gonadotropic hormones are produced that stimulate the function of the gonads: follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing (LH) and luteotropic (LTH). FSH promotes the maturation of follicles in the ovaries and the production of follicular (estrogen) hormone. LH stimulates the development of the corpus luteum, and LTH - the production of the corpus luteum hormone (progesterone) and the secretion of the mammary glands. In the first half of the menstrual cycle, the production of FSH predominates, in the second half - LH and LTH. Under the influence of these hormones, cyclic changes occur in the ovaries.

Ovarian cycle. This cycle consists of three phases:

1) development of the follicle - follicular phase;

2) rupture of a mature follicle - the phase of ovulation;

3) development of the corpus luteum - luteal (progesterone) phase.

In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the growth and maturation of the follicle occurs, which corresponds to the first half of the menstrual cycle.

ovulation called the process of rupture of a mature follicle and the release of a mature egg from its cavity, covered on the outside with a shiny membrane and surrounded by cells of the radiant crown. The egg enters the abdominal cavity and further into the fallopian tube, in the ampulla of which fertilization occurs. If fertilization does not occur, then after 12-24 hours the egg begins to break down. Ovulation occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle.

The phase of development of the corpus luteum (luteal) occupies the second half of the menstrual cycle. In place of the ruptured follicle after ovulation, a corpus luteum is formed that produces progesterone. Under its influence, secretory transformations of the endometrium occur, which are necessary for implantation and development of the fetal egg. If fertilization has occurred and pregnancy has occurred, then the corpus luteum continues to grow and function during the first months of pregnancy and is called the corpus luteum of pregnancy.

uterine cycle. This cycle comes down to changes in the uterine mucosa and has the same duration as the ovarian cycle. It distinguishes two phases - proliferation and secretion, followed by rejection of the functional layer of the endometrium. The first phase of the uterine cycle begins after the endometrial shedding (desquamation) during menstruation ends. The endometrial proliferation phase coincides with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretion phase occupies the second half of the menstrual cycle, coinciding with the development phase of the corpus luteum.

Author: Ivanov A.I.

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