Obstetrics and gynecology. Fertilization and development of the fertilized egg (the most important)

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Obstetrics and gynecology. Fertilization and development of the fertilized egg (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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5. Fertilization and development of the ovum

Fertilization is the process of joining male and female sex cells. It occurs in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.

Migration of a fertilized egg. The fertilized, crushed egg moves along the tube towards the uterus and reaches its cavity on the 6-8th day.

Implantation of a fertilized egg. By the time the fertilized egg enters the uterine cavity, the mucous membrane of the uterus is sharply thickened and loose. Glycogen accumulates in the endometrium due to the influence of the corpus luteum hormone. The mucous membrane of the uterus during pregnancy is called decidual, or falling away shell. A fertilized egg, the outer layer of which is a trophoblast, due to the presence of proteolytic enzymes, melts the decidua, sinks into its thickness and grafts.

Placenta. At the end of the 1st month of pregnancy, the fertilized egg is surrounded on all sides by chorionic villi. Gradually, vascularization of the chorion occurs: the vessels of the embryo grow into its villi. At the 2-3rd month of pregnancy, atrophy of the chorionic villi begins at one pole of the fertilized egg, facing the uterine cavity. On the opposite section of the chorion, immersed in the mucous membrane, the villi grow luxuriantly and at the beginning of the 4th month turn into the placenta. In addition to chorionic villi, the decidua of the uterus (the maternal part of the placenta) takes part in its formation. The placenta releases a complex complex of hormones and biologically active substances into the mother's body. By the end of pregnancy, the placenta has a diameter of 15-18 cm, a thickness of 2-3 cm and a weight of 500-600 g. There are two surfaces in the placenta: internal (fetal) and external (maternal). On the fruit surface, covered with a watery shell, there are vessels radiating from the umbilical cord. The maternal surface consists of 15-20 lobules. The placenta performs the metabolic function between mother and fetus, the barrier function, and is also a powerful endocrine gland. Maternal blood pours into the intervillous space and washes the chorionic villi. The blood of mother and fetus does not mix.

Umbilical cord. It is a cord-like formation in which two arteries and one vein pass. Venous blood flows through the arteries from the fetus to the placenta, and arterial blood flows through the vein to the fetus. The umbilical cord attachment may be central, eccentric, marginal, or tunicale. The normal length of the umbilical cord is on average 50 cm. The placenta is formed from the placenta, umbilical cord, fetal membranes (amnion and chorion) and is expelled from the uterus after the birth of the fetus.

Amniotic fluid. They are formed as a result of secretion by the amnion epithelium, extravasation from the mother’s blood and the activity of the fetal kidneys. By the end of pregnancy, approximately 1-1,5 liters of water accumulates. The waters contain hormones, protein in the amount of 2-4 g/l, enzymes, macro- and microelements, carbohydrates and other substances.

Author: Ivanov A.I.

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