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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Faraday Michael. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
Faraday made so many discoveries in his life that they would be enough for a good dozen scientists to immortalize his name. Michael Faraday was born on September 22, 1791 in London, in one of its poorest quarters. His father was a blacksmith, and his mother was the daughter of a tenant farmer. The apartment in which the great scientist was born and spent the first years of his life was in the backyard and was located above the stables. When Faraday reached school age, he was sent to elementary school. The course Michael took was very narrow and limited only to learning to read, write and begin counting. A few steps from the house where the Faraday family lived, there was a bookstore, which at the same time was also a bookbinding establishment. This is where Faraday got to, having completed the course of elementary school, when the question arose about choosing a profession for him. Faraday at that time was only 13 years old. It goes without saying that, using for reading such an accidental source as a bookbinding workshop, Faraday could not adhere to any system, but had to read everything that came to hand. But already in his youth, when Faraday was just beginning his self-education, he strove to rely solely on facts and verify the messages of others with his own experiences. These aspirations manifested themselves in him all his life as the main features of his scientific activity. Faraday began to make physical and chemical experiments as a boy at the first acquaintance with physics and chemistry. Since he did not receive any remuneration for his work in the bookbinding workshop, his funds were more than negligible, formed from odd earnings that fell to his share. Some of his master's customers, who belonged to the scientific world and visited the bookbinding workshop, became interested in the bookbinder's devoted student and, wanting to give him the opportunity to gain at least some systematic knowledge in his favorite sciences - physics and chemistry, arranged for him access to the lectures of the then scientists, intended for the public. Once Michael Faraday attended one of the lectures of Humphry Davy, the great English physicist, the inventor of the safety lamp for miners. Faraday made a detailed note of the lecture, bound it, and sent it to Davy. He was so impressed that he offered Faraday to work with him as a secretary. Soon Davy went on a trip to Europe and took Faraday with him. For two years they visited the largest European universities. Returning to London in 1815, Faraday began working as an assistant in one of the laboratories of the Royal Institution in London. At that time it was one of the best physics laboratories in the world. From 1816 to 1818 Faraday published a number of small notes and small memoirs on chemistry. By 1818, Faraday's first work in physics, devoted to the study of a singing flame, dates back. By and large, this period was only a preparatory school for Faraday. He did not so much work independently as he studied and prepared for those brilliant works that constituted an era in the history of physics and chemistry. June 12, 1821 Michael marries Miss Bernard. Her family had long and friendly acquaintances with the Faradays; it belonged to the same "Zandeman" sect, of which Faraday was also a member. With his bride, Faraday was on the best of terms since childhood. The marriage took place without any pomp - in accordance with the nature of "Zandemanism", as well as the character of Faraday himself. Faraday's marriage was very happy. Soon after the marriage, Faraday became the head of the Zandeman community. By this time, his financial position had also been strengthened, he was elected caretaker of the Royal Institute, and then director of a chemical laboratory with an appropriate content. At the same time, this election now gave him an excellent opportunity to work for science without any hindrance or constraint. Based on the experiences of his predecessors, he combined several of his own experiments, and by September 1821, Michael had published the "Success Story of Electromagnetism". Already at that time, he made up a completely correct concept of the essence of the phenomenon of deflection of a magnetic needle under the action of a current. Having achieved this success, Faraday left his studies in the field of electricity for ten years, devoting himself to the study of a number of subjects of a different kind. In the same year, while still working on the question of the rotation of a magnetic needle under the influence of current, he accidentally came across the phenomenon of evaporation of mercury at ordinary temperature. Later, Faraday devoted much attention to the study of this subject and, based on his research, established a completely new view of the essence of evaporation. Now he left this question, being carried away by all new subjects of research. So, he soon began to engage in experiments on the composition of steel and subsequently liked to present his friends with steel razors from the alloy he had discovered. In 1823, Faraday made one of the most important discoveries in the field of physics - he first achieved the liquefaction of a gas and at the same time established a simple but valid method for converting gases into a liquid. In 1824, Faraday made several minor discoveries in the field of physics. Among other things, he established the fact that light affects the color of glass, changing it. The following year, Faraday again turns from physics to chemistry, and the result of his work in this area is the discovery of gasoline and sulfuric naphthalene acid. There is no need to explain how enormously important the discovery of the first of these substances is. In 1831, Faraday published a treatise On a Special Kind of Optical Illusion, which served as the basis for a beautiful and curious optical projectile called the "chromotrope". In the same year, Faraday's treatise On Vibrating Plates was published. Many of these works could by themselves immortalize the name of their author. But the most important of Faraday's scientific works are his researches in the field of electromagnetism and electric induction. Strictly speaking, such a significant department of physics, interpreting the phenomena of electromagnetism and inductive electricity, which is currently of great importance for technology, was created by Faraday from nothing. The third type of manifestation of electrical energy, discovered by Faraday, induction electricity, differs in that it combines the advantages of the first two types - static and galvanic electricity - and is free from their shortcomings. Only after Faraday's research in the field of electromagnetism and inductive electricity, only after he discovered this type of manifestation of electrical energy, did it become possible to turn electricity into an obedient servant of man and perform with him the miracles that are happening now. Research in the field of electromagnetism and inductive electricity, which constituted the most valuable diamond in Faraday's crown of glory, absorbed most of his life and his strength. As usual, Faraday began a series of experiments that were supposed to clarify the essence of the matter. On the same wooden rolling pin Faraday wound two insulated wires parallel to each other; he connected the ends of one wire to a battery of ten elements, and the ends of the other to a sensitive galvanometer. It turned out that at the moment when a current is passed into the first wire, and also when this transmission stops, a current is also excited in the second wire, which in the first case has the opposite direction with the first current and is the same with it in the second case and lasts only one instant. These secondary instantaneous currents, caused by the influence of primary induction, were called inductive by Faraday, and this name has been preserved for them until now. Being instantaneous, instantly disappearing after their appearance, inductive currents would have no practical significance if Faraday had not found a way, with the help of an ingenious device (commutator), to continuously interrupt and again conduct the primary current coming from the battery along the first wire. Due to this, more and more inductive currents are continuously excited in the second wire, thus becoming constant. Thus, a new source of electrical energy was found, in addition to the previously known ones (friction and chemical processes), - induction, and a new type of this energy - induction electricity. These discoveries led to new ones. If it is possible to produce an inductive current by closing and stopping the galvanic current, would not the same result be obtained from the magnetization and demagnetization of iron? He conducts an experiment of this kind: two insulated wires were wound around an iron ring; moreover, one wire was wound around one half of the ring, and the other around the other. A current from a galvanic battery was passed through one wire, and the ends of the other were connected to a galvanometer. And so, when the current closed or stopped, and when, consequently, the iron ring was magnetized or demagnetized, the galvanometer needle oscillated rapidly and then quickly stopped, that is, all the same instantaneous inductive currents were excited in the neutral wire - this time under the influence of magnetism. Thus, here, for the first time, magnetism was converted into electricity. Faraday also noticed that the action of a magnet manifests itself at some distance from it. He called this phenomenon a magnetic field. Then Faraday proceeds to study the laws of electrochemical phenomena. The first law established by Faraday is that the amount of electrochemical action depends neither on the size of the electrodes, nor on the intensity of the current, nor on the strength of the decomposing solution, but only on the amount of electricity passing in the circuit; in other words, the amount of electricity needed is proportional to the amount of chemical action. This law was derived by Faraday from an innumerable set of experiments, the conditions of which he varied to infinity. The second, even more important law of electrochemical action, established by Faraday, is that the amount of electricity necessary for the decomposition of various substances is always inversely proportional to the atomic weight of the substance, or, to put it differently, for the decomposition of a molecule (particle) of any substance. the same amount of electricity is always required. Extensive and versatile work could not but affect the health of Faraday. In the last years of this period of his life, he worked with great difficulty. In 1839 and 1840, Faraday's condition was such that he was often forced to interrupt his studies and leave somewhere in the seaside towns of England. In 1841, friends persuaded Faraday to go to Switzerland in order to recuperate for new work with a thorough rest. It was the first real vacation in a long time. Faraday's life since he entered the Royal Institution has centered mainly on the laboratory and scientific pursuits. In these discoveries, in the scientific studies that led to them, Faraday's life consisted. He devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits, and outside of them he had no life. He went early in the morning to his laboratory and returned to the bosom of the family only late in the evening, spending all the time among his instruments. And so he spent the whole active part of his life, resolutely not distracted by anything from his scientific studies. It was the life of a real anchorite of science, and this, perhaps, is the secret of the numerous discoveries made by Faraday. Faraday's ability to devote himself entirely to scientific pursuits was determined, however, not only by a certain material security, but even more so by the fact that all external life concerns were removed from him by his wife, his real guardian angel. A loving wife took upon herself all the hardships of life in order to enable her husband to devote himself entirely to science. Never in the course of his long life together did Faraday feel any difficulties of a material nature, which only his wife knew and which did not distract the mind of the tireless researcher from his great works. Family happiness served for Faraday and the best consolation in the troubles that fell to his lot in the first years of his scientific activity. The scientist, who survived his wife, wrote about his family life, referring to himself in the third person, the following: "On June 12, 1821, he got married; this circumstance more than any other contributed to his earthly happiness and the health of his mind. This union lasted 28 years, not in which it has not changed, except that the mutual affection has grown deeper and stronger over time." Few people can give such an autobiographical note about themselves. Faraday stayed in Switzerland for about a year. Here, apart from correspondence with friends and keeping a diary, he had no other occupation. Staying in Switzerland had a very beneficial effect on Faraday's health, and he, returning to England, could begin scientific work. The works of this last period of his life were entirely devoted to the phenomena of magnetism, although the discoveries made during this period do not have the grandiose significance that is rightly recognized for the discoveries of the great scientist in the field of inductive electricity. The first such discovery, published on his return from Switzerland, was the "magnetization of light," as Faraday put it, or the "magnetic rotation of the plane of polarization," as it is now called. He found that under the influence of a magnet, a polarized beam of light changes its direction. This discovery gave impetus to a number of Faraday's studies in this area. He examined the phenomenon discovered by him in such detail that after him almost nothing new was done in this respect. From magnets, the researcher moved on to electric currents. During these experiments, Faraday made a new great discovery. We are talking about "magnetic friction". The second half of the forties was occupied by work on the magnetism of crystals. Then Faraday turned to the magnetic phenomena of flame, which had just been discovered by Bankalari. And, finally, Faraday addresses questions of a purely philosophical nature. He tries to find out the nature of matter, to determine the relationship between the atom and space, between space and forces, stops at the question of the hypothetical ether as the carrier of forces, and so on. However, the scientist became famous not only for his numerous discoveries. Faraday wanted his discoveries to be understandable even to those who had not received a special education. To do this, he took up the popularization of scientific knowledge. From 1826, Faraday began to give his famous Christmas lectures. One of the most famous of them was called "The history of the candle in terms of chemistry." Later it was published as a separate book and became one of the first popular science publications in the world. This initiative was picked up and developed by many other scientific organizations. The scientist did not stop scientific activity until his death. Faraday died on August 25, 1867, at the age of seventy-seven. Author: Samin D.K.
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