Obstetrics and gynecology. Anatomy of the female genital organs (most important)

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Obstetrics and gynecology. Anatomy of the female genital organs (most important)

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1. Anatomy of the female genital organs

The external genitalia are the pubis, the labia majora and minora, the clitoris, the vestibule of the vagina, and the hymen. The internal organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.

External genitalia. Pubis is an area rich in subcutaneous fat, covered with hairline at puberty, triangular in shape, with the base facing upwards.

Large labia formed by two folds of skin containing fatty tissue, sebaceous and sweat glands. They are connected to each other by the anterior and posterior commissures, and separated by the genital gap. In the thickness of the lower third of the labia majora are large glands of the vestibule - the Bartholin glands, the alkaline secret of which moisturizes the entrance to the vagina and dilutes the seminal fluid. The excretory ducts of these glands open in the groove between the labia minora and the hymen.

The labia minora is a mucous membrane in the form of two folds. They are located inside from the labia majora.

Clitoris located in the anterior corner of the genital fissure, consists of two cavernous bodies, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerve plexuses.

Vaginal vestibule - the space bounded by the labia minora. It opens the external opening of the urethra, the excretory ducts of the large glands of the vestibule, the entrance to the vagina.

Hymen is a thin connective tissue septum separating the external and internal genital organs.

internal sex organs. The vagina is a muscular-fibrous tube 8-10 cm long. It is located in the pelvic cavity, adjacent to the urethra and bladder in front, and to the rectum at the back. The walls of the vagina consist of a mucous membrane, a muscle layer and surrounding tissue. The vaginal mucosa is covered with stratified squamous epithelium, has a pink color and numerous transverse folds, which ensure its extensibility during childbirth. In accordance with the nature of the microflora, it is customary to distinguish between four degrees of purity of vaginal contents. The first degree of purity of the contents is acidic in nature, only vaginal bacilli and individual epithelial cells are found. The second degree of purity of the rods becomes smaller, individual cocci and single leukocytes appear, the reaction remains acidic. The third degree of purity is characterized by an alkaline reaction, the predominance of leukocytes, cocci and other types of bacteria. With the fourth degree of purity, there are no vaginal bacilli; a variety of microbial pathogenic flora and a large number of leukocytes are found in the contents.

Uterus - hollow smooth muscle pear-shaped organ, flattened in the anteroposterior direction. In the uterus, the body, isthmus and neck are distinguished. The upper convex part of the body is called the fundus of the uterus. The uterine cavity has the shape of a triangle, in the upper corners of which the openings of the fallopian tubes open. At the bottom, the uterine cavity, narrowing, passes into the isthmus and ends with an internal pharynx.

Author: Ivanov A.I.

>> Forward: Anatomy of the female genital organs (continued)

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