Topic 12. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN EXTREME SITUATIONS AND SITUATIONS OF DEPRIVATION

Extreme psychology deals with the development of personality in extreme situations and situations of deprivation.

Extreme psychology is a branch of psychological science that studies the general psychological patterns of life and activity in altered (unaccustomed) conditions of existence: during aviation and space flights, scuba diving, staying in hard-to-reach areas of the globe (Arctic, Antarctic, high mountains, desert), in underground, etc. Extreme psychology arose in the XNUMXth century, combining research in the field of aviation, space, marine and polar psychology. Extreme conditions are characterized by altered afferentation (afferentation is a flow of nerve impulses entering the central nervous system from sensory organs that perceive information both from external stimuli (exteroception) and from internal organs (interoreception)), an altered information structure, socio-psychological restrictions and the presence of a risk factor. Thus, extreme situations include not only natural disasters, fire, terrorist attack, space flight, but also altitude, confined space, speaking in front of an audience, an exam, etc.

In extreme situations and situations of deprivation, seven main psychogenic factors act on a person:

1) monotony;

2) changed spatial structure;

3) changed temporary structure;

4) limitation of personally significant information;

5) loneliness;

6) group isolation (information exhaustion of communication partners, constant publicity, etc.);

7) threat to life.

In the process of adaptation to extreme conditions, the following stages are distinguished, characterized by a change in emotional states and the appearance of unusual mental phenomena:

▪ preparatory;

▪ initial mental stress;

▪ acute mental reactions of entry;

▪ mental re-adaptation;

▪ final mental stress;

▪ acute mental exit reactions;

▪ readaptation.

Many scientists note the presence of a stress reaction of the body in extreme situations. Therefore, the psyche, recognizing the situation as extreme, gives the body the command to "prepare for battle." But when there is no fight, the body cannot naturally burn the excess resources. Then there are somatic manifestations: reddening of the skin, loss of speech, blocking of motor function, panic and other reactions.

In the genesis of unusual mental states, the following can be traced: anticipation (anticipation, prediction of events) in a situation of information uncertainty (the stage of starting mental stress and the final stage); breakdown of the functional systems of analyzers formed in the process of ontogenesis or a long stay in extreme conditions, disturbances in the course of mental processes and changes in the system of relations (the stage of acute mental reactions of entry and exit); active activity of the individual in the development of protective (compensatory) reactions in response to the impact of psychogenic factors (the stage of re-adaptation) or the restoration of previous response stereotypes (the stage of readaptation). Disclosure of the genesis of unusual mental states allows us to attribute them to natural reactions that fit within the boundaries of the psychological norm for the changed conditions of existence. With an increase in the time spent in such situations and the harsh impact of psychogenic factors, as well as with an insufficiently high neuropsychic stability and the absence of preventive measures, the stage of re-adaptation is replaced by a stage of deep mental changes characterized by the development of neuropsychic disorders. Between the stages of re-adaptation and deep mental changes, there is an intermediate stage of unstable mental activity, characterized by the appearance of prepathological conditions. These include conditions that have not yet separated into strictly defined forms of neuropsychiatric diseases, which allows them to be considered within the framework of the psychological norm.

So that the impact of a stressful situation is not strong, you need to learn how to behave correctly in such situations. In many instructions on behavior in extreme situations, professionals focus on the fact that one should maintain contact with reality, try to understand the meaning of what is happening. In other words, the situation must be accepted, come to terms with the fact that it has the right to be, and try to understand it.

Authors: Marina Khilko, Maria Tkacheva

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