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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Age-related psychology. Psychology of the adult (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Topic 14. PSYCHOLOGY OF THE ADULTS 14.1. Early adulthood (20-40 years old) During this period, cognitive mental processes develop unevenly. The intellectual development of a person who has reached early adulthood takes place in interaction with the formation or transformation of his personality. And although the development of the psychophysical function stops at the turn of 25, intellectual development continues for many more years. An adult can independently control the course of his intellectual development and achieve great results associated with work or creativity. The success of a person depends on the degree of his talent, level of education and the right type of activity. This fact indicates that the development of the human cognitive sphere has an individually determined character. The main problems in the emotional sphere that require mandatory resolution in the period of early adulthood are the achievement of identity and intimacy. Emotional intimacy in human relationships acts as the basis of love. The feeling of love has a deeply intimate character and is accompanied by situationally arising and changing emotions of tenderness, delight, jealousy, which is often expressed in the form of anger, sadness, anger, resentment, disappointment and other emotions. Love covers a fairly wide range of emotional phenomena, differing in depth, strength and other characteristics: from relatively weakly expressed relationships (sympathy) to experiences that completely capture a person, reaching the power of passion. In early adulthood, a complex of emotions develops, such as the emotion of parental relationships, including the joy of communicating with the child, a sense of affection and trust, a special sensitivity to the needs of the child, a sense of interest in the child, admiration and pride in him. Basically, the emotional sphere of a person at this age is already formed and stable. The role of the motivational sphere is very great, because during this life period a person enters adulthood and he has to solve many problems, including creating a family, having children, choosing a profession. The creation of a family is a very important step in the life of any person, which is determined by the following motives: love, spiritual intimacy, material calculation, psychological conformity and moral considerations. From what values a person is guided by when creating a family, his future will depend. Another important step by which a person determines his future is the choice of a profession. A person, making this choice, is guided by practical considerations, parental attitudes, the desire to realize his abilities, interest in the profession and orientation to the established value system, which can change with age. It has been noticed that closer to the age of 30, romantically colored values are replaced by more practical ones. The main external factors of labor motivation are becoming: wages and material incentives. A person already realistically assesses his capabilities, adjusts life values and the level of claims. Self-consciousness, self-esteem, "I-concept" are influenced by the following factors: self-determination of the individual as a sexual partner, spouse, parent, professional and citizen. In accordance with the awareness of one's physical characteristics, awareness of psychological age, professional orientation and basic personal and social attitudes, new formations are included in the holistic "I-concept" that reflect the maturity of the individual. In this period, there is a normative crisis of 30-33 years. It is caused by a mismatch between life plans and the real possibilities of a person. At this age, there is a revision of life values and minor values are eliminated. The period of early adulthood is characterized by the development of professional activities, self-improvement, the creation of a family, the upbringing of children, the peculiarities of the organization of free time (leisure), which makes it possible to realize the unrealized potential of the individual. Thus, each sphere of human activity is characterized by a specific nature of activity and communication: work is socially useful activity, family is the concentration and variety of interpersonal relationships, leisure is the realization of personal potential. The leading factor of development in this period is labor activity, and the main tasks of early adulthood are self-determination and the creation of a family. 14.2. Average adulthood (from 40 to 60 years) At the age of 40-60, a person finds himself in conditions that are psychologically different from the previous ones. By this time, he acquires rich life and professional experience; children become adults and relationships with them change, begin to take on a different character; parents are getting older and need help. In the human body, physiological changes that are natural for a given age begin to occur, to which he has to adapt. These changes are as follows: general well-being, vision worsens, reactions slow down, sexual potency in men weakens, women go through a period of menopause, and some endure it very hard both physically and psychologically. There is a decrease in the characteristics of psychophysical functions, but this does not affect the functioning of the human cognitive sphere. Efficiency remains at the same level and allows you to maintain labor and creative activity. At this age, the development of abilities related to professional and daily activities continues. In middle age, the intensity of the involution of a person's intellectual functions depends on giftedness and education, which resist aging, inhibiting the involutionary process. The main achievement of this age is the acquisition of a state of wisdom: a person is able to evaluate events and information in a broader context than before, is able to cope with uncertainty, etc. The emotional sphere at this time develops unevenly. Middle age is the heyday of family life, career and creative abilities. Labor occupies the main position and becomes the most important source of human feelings. The success of work activity begins to influence the emotional state. At this age, people are more prone to stress than in their youth, often suffer from depression, and experience a feeling of loneliness. In addition, a person begins to think about the fact that he is mortal and his time is running out. The structure of motivation is changing, as a person has a desire to act without delay and immediately get a result, that is, he seeks to immediately satisfy his needs. The main needs are the realization of one's creative potential, the need to pass on one's experience to another generation, adjustment of activities, concern for maintaining close relationships with family and friends, preparation for a calm and prosperous life in old age. As a result of this, there is a comprehension and reassessment of life as a whole, an adjustment of the existing system of values in three areas: personal, family and professional. The "I-concept" is enriched with new "I-images" taking into account constantly changing situational relations and variations in self-esteem. The essence of the "I-concept" is self-actualization within the limits of moral rules and personal self-assessments. Self-assessment is characterized by a tendency to strengthen the cognitive (cognitive) component. A conscious, balanced, realistic attitude towards oneself leads to the fact that knowledge about oneself begins to regulate and lead emotions that address one's own "I". Self-assessments acquire a generalized character. The "I-image" of a developing personality turns into a "I-image" associated with the development of other people (children, students, colleagues). The leading type of activity is labor, successful professional activity, which ensures self-actualization of the individual. The problems of helping children come to the fore, relations in the family, with a spouse, are stabilizing. Since middle adulthood is a period of active labor, a person basically spends all his free time on work. During this period, there is a so-called "mid-life crisis" (40-45 years). A person overestimates his achievements and critically evaluates himself. Many people have the feeling that "life has passed meaninglessly, and time has already been lost." As a result, depression may develop. Many believe that the best years of life are the period up to forty years, and the period after forty is a giant "black hole" in which one has to spend the rest of one's life, that moral growth and development of a person stop at this age, that a person is "over forty" you will have to say goodbye to youthful dreams and plans for a professional career, family life, personal happiness. The American psychologist R. Kessler considers this opinion to be erroneous: “Everything suggests that middle age is the best time of life. You are not yet worried about the illnesses and ailments of old age, and you are no longer tormented by the anxieties of young people: will someone love me "Will I ever be successful in my job?" Researchers support Kessler's point of view and consider the midlife crisis the exception rather than the rule. For many people, the transition to middle age is uneventful, they consider it a period of redefining goals. This reorientation involves comparing oneself with other people who set similar goals in the same professional activity. The American scientist K. Riff said: "The better your mental health, the less often you compare yourself with people who make you feel inferior." However, this age becomes a crisis for many because there is a growing contradiction between the integrity of the worldview and the unilinear development, as a result of which a person may lose the meaning of life. If a crisis arises, then the only way out of the situation is to acquire a new meaning: in universal values, the development of interest in the future, in new generations. If a person will "go in cycles" in himself, then over time he will be overcome by diseases and a new crisis will develop. It has been noticed that people who tend to avoid introspection, do not notice changes in life and body, and use the mechanism of denial are subject to a mid-life crisis. American scientists noted that the crisis of middle age among wealthy people is observed more often than among the poor and representatives of the working class. 14.3. Late adulthood (60 years and older) Many scientists call the period older than 60 years gerontogenesis, or the period of aging. The science of gerontology is engaged in the study of this age. Gerontology is a field of knowledge that studies the process of human aging. Old age is the final stage of human life. People who have reached this age are divided into three groups: 1) elderly people; 2) elderly people; 3) long-lived. Old age is considered a transitional state from maturity to old age. Its main feature is the aging process, which is genetically programmed. At this age, a person is no longer as physically strong as before, the total energy supply decreases, the activity of the vascular and immune systems deteriorates, i.e., general aging of the body occurs. Most sensory functions deteriorate, so there are changes in the development of the cognitive system. Intellectual functions suffer the most. The dynamics of these processes depends on subjective factors, personality traits, and areas of professional activity. Memory is based on logical connections, which is closely related to thinking, so the thinking of an elderly person is highly developed. In the emotional sphere, an uncontrolled increase in affective reactions appears (strong nervous excitement) with a tendency to unreasonable sadness and tearfulness. A person becomes self-centered, less sensitive, immersed in himself; reduced ability to cope with difficult situations. It is noted that men become more passive, and women - aggressive, practical, domineering. In the affective sphere, attachment to the past and the presence of memories can be traced. Older people often think about death, but are not afraid of the onset of this day. Retirement changes the position and role of a person in society, which affects his motivational sphere. The motivation of a 60-year-old person is the need for self-realization, creation and transmission of spiritual heritage. After 70 years, another problem becomes relevant: maintaining health at the proper level. There is an interest in collecting, music, painting, etc. The main thing for an elderly person is family relationships, which give him a sense of security, stability and strength, determining his joys and sorrows. "I-concept" in old age also undergoes changes. A person tries to integrate his past, present and future, to understand the connections between the events of his own life. This process will be effective if the individual successfully resolves normative crises and conflicts, is capable of developing adaptive personality traits, is able to draw useful lessons from past failures, and is able to accumulate the energy potential of all the stages passed. In a person with a positive and active "I-concept" and in later years, personal development continues and an optimistic approach to life is noted, which allows you to slow down the aging process. The safety of working capacity in the elderly and senile age depends on the duration of a person's labor activity. Physical health, abilities, formed ways of activity, level of education - all this also affects the safety of working capacity. Many well-known writers, artists, musicians, scientists were engaged in fruitful activities until old age (V. Hugo, I. Kant, L.N. Tolstoy, etc.) The factors that determine the behavior of an elderly person are: a decrease in psychophysical capabilities, gender, personality type, gradual withdrawal from an active social life, material well-being, loss of loved ones and loneliness, consciousness of the approaching end of life. There is a narrowing of the physical world and a sharp increase in interest in religion. The leading factors of development in old age are the self-actualization of the "I" and the orientation towards creative activity. A person is able to preserve and realize his creative potential until old age with a happy combination of the natural characteristics of the body, abilities, creative activity and efficiency, and a high level of education. References
Notes
Authors: Marina Khilko, Maria Tkacheva << Back: Methods of developmental work of a psychologist (Content and organization of developmental and correctional work. Traditional forms of group correctional and developmental work (trainings). Non-traditional forms of group developmental work. Individual work of a psychologist)
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