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HOME WORKSHOP
Universal machine. home workshop
Replacing hand tools with mechanical ones is of great importance not only in production, but also in the homework of an amateur designer who embodies his ideas in wood and metal. Sometimes even the simplest devices, primitive machine tools can significantly speed up the work, make it easier and dramatically improve the quality of the product. That is why recently there are more and more miniature machines for woodworking and metalworking, designed for craftsmen. Many original samples were created by enthusiasts of technical creativity. One of them - a universal machine, designed by engineer V. I. Popov, we bring to the attention of readers today. The machine is very simple, its main components are sold in stores as spare parts for household appliances. Having built such a mill, you can use it to perform longitudinal and transverse sawing of wood, plastics and sheet metal; planing and turning wood; milling, grinding and polishing of various materials; sharpening of cutting tools. For the manufacture of the machine, you must purchase: an AC motor (similar ones are installed on domestic vacuum cleaners) with a power of 500 W, 12-1400 rpm, for a voltage of 220 V; two angular contact bearings No. 36203 and 36204 or 46203 and 46200 respectively; two pulleys Ø 135 and 60 mm for profile 0 textile belt. (They are sold as spare parts and for washing machines.) A general view of the machine is shown in Figure 1. Its main part is the spindle. The seat for installing the required tool on it is a neck Ø 32 mm. The tool is attached to the spindle with a shaped clamp and two nuts.
If the drive of the machine is supposed to be installed to the right of the working one, then the left-hand thread must be cut on the spindle, with the left-hand placement, the right-hand thread is cut on the spindle. In this case, you will have to change the direction of rotation of the motor rotor by switching the windings and brushes. Such switching can be performed permanently or a P2T-1T type switch is introduced into the circuit to obtain a reverse. The machine table is made of thick plywood or furniture board. It consists of left and right halves of 300x800 mm each. In the middle of the left half of the table, a spindle is installed on M8 bolts with a countersunk head, and the panel itself is attached to the upper longitudinal beam of the frame and not the door canopies. The other side of this panel is fixed on hooks that are installed on the front and rear cross members of the frame. This provides easy access to the mechanisms of the machine during inspections and repairs. The bed, depending on the possibilities, is made of wood or a steel corner (welded, bolted). For this purpose, you can use the frame of an unusable table or workbench, etc. The height of the bed with the table is 750 mm from the priest. In its lower part, it is desirable to provide a box for storing tools and blanks. The electric motor is mounted on a 2 mm thick sheet steel plate. It has a scoop shape and is provided with a slot for the passage of the rear spindle bearing housing, a hole for the passage of the front of the motor with a pulley, and three slots for mounting the motor stator and belt tension. Instead of factory bolts securing the engine cover to the stator, three studs must be made. With the right side of the stud, the cover is fixed to the stator, with the left side - the engine to the plate. For shock absorption, a rubber gasket is placed between the plate and the washer. All dimensions of the parts in the drawing are given for the electric motor from the Buran vacuum cleaner. When installing others, they will naturally have to be changed. The plate with the engine itself is installed under the same bolts that attach the bearing housing to the cover. Installing the right half of the table top on the frame is not particularly difficult. It is only important that it can be turned over, since on the one hand it must have a slot for the passage of a narrow cutting tool (circular saw, grinding wheel with glued sandpaper, etc.), and on the other - a wide tool (for example, a grinding stone , polishing head). For lathes. woodworking, a four-jaw chuck is installed on the spindle, and a removable tailstock is installed on the bed. The chuck is screwed onto the spindle and locked with a nut. M8 bolts serve as cams. The tailstock consists of a bracket, in the center of which (in a welded nut) a screw with a handle moves. A rotating center or a chuck for clamping the drill is put on its free end. The dimensions of the chuck on the spindle and the tailstock must be consistent with the size of the publications that are supposed to be processed on a lathe, as well as with the dimensions and seats of the parts available or purchased - the rotating center and the chuck for drills. It must be borne in mind that for some wood turning work, a spindle chuck is not needed, you can limit yourself to a simple "fork". On sale now there is almost all the cutting and sharpening tools needed by an amateur, circular saws with a diameter of 200 mm or more, the same abrasive wheels of different grain sizes. Not in the manufacture of the frame, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of installing circles Ø 300 mm on the spindle with emery cloth glued to them - for grinding work. The design of the proposed "tank" makes it easy to turn it into an electric planer. To do this, make a knife drum and knives from steel. Steel 20 is suitable for the drum, knives should be made from steel grades HVG, R-9, 9X5VF or R-5 (85X4V4F) with heat treatment HPS 55-59 To simplify the manufacture of knives, you can cut them out of the canvas of a wide chisel using cutting stones on the same machine. Typically, knife drums are mounted on two supports, and it may seem that the reliability of the proposed design of the drum - on the console - is reduced. However, if we compare the circumferential force of the electric motor, which is 2,4 kg, with the force of the worker's hand, which is assumed to be 15-16 kg, then at the slightest acceleration of the feed, the engine will stop. The small torque of the motor reliably protects the machine from any overload that can cause any damage. For high-quality planing of wood, the correct sharpening of knives is of great importance. At a large angle of sharpening, resistance increases, which leads to overload and overheating of the electric motor, and at small angles, the resistance of knives sharply decreases, and they quickly become dull. It is very important that the tool is uniformly sharpened along its entire length. Holding the knife in your hands, it is almost impossible to sharpen it correctly. Therefore, it is necessary to make a simple device. It is mounted on two wooden panels, and the device does not require any explanation. For the correct setting of the sharpening angle, a protractor is attached to the lower panel. Such a device can also be used for sharpening other tools.
To perform such operations as the selection of tongues, quarters and all kinds of slots, a lifting table is installed, the design of which can be made in different ways, depending on the materials available. It should be noted that the slots on the table lift brackets are not made on the same machine using abrasive cutting wheels. For planing work, it is advisable to have a separate table with a more fundamental attachment to the bed, as vibrations may occur during work, which leads to the formation of ripples on the planed surface. The collection of chips and sawdust during the operation of the machine is provided by a garbage collector suspended under the table cover. It is made of dense fabric or leatherette. The noise level during operation can be significantly reduced if an autotransformer voltage regulator with a power of at least 250 W is included in the electrical circuit. Such work as tool sharpening, grinding, polishing, selection of quarters and tongues can be performed when the engine is powered by a voltage of 70-90 V, while the spindle develops 1300-1500 rpm. For longitudinal and transverse sawing, metal cutting and turning, 100-120 V is sufficient (respectively 1700-2000 rpm). For planing work - 115-127 V (2500-3000 rpm.). It is clear that, depending on the mode of operation of the engine, the corresponding feed rate is also selected. If, according to the operating conditions, the noise of the machine does not matter significantly, then the electric motor is also supplied with a voltage of 127 V. It is impossible to turn it on in a 220 V network, since it quickly overheats and starts to work "peddling". It goes without saying that the work on the proposed machine requires the strictest observance of safety regulations. So, on a circular saw and a planer head, fences of a generally accepted type should be installed; grinding, grinding and cutting wheels are covered with a frame with plexiglass. The cutting head requires special attention. Before starting work, it is necessary to check the fastening of individual parts, tightening of threaded connections and sharpening of knives. Sharpening - if necessary - should be done only along the back edge of the knife, on a special device, and in no case should overheating be allowed. In order to avoid imbalance and vibration of the drum, the knives with the details of their fastening are selected so that the weight of one set does not differ from the weight of the second by more than 5%. The correct installation is checked using a ruler pressed against the table by the working edge. In this case, the cutting edges must be set to a planing depth of not more than 2 mm. After reconciliation of the knives, previously weakly tightened with screws to their seats, the fixing screws are tightened "tight", starting from the middle ones. In all other respects, you should be guided by the general rules for the operation of machine equipment. Author: B.Popov
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