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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Концепции современного естествознания. Ислам (конспект лекций)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE 14. Islam 1. Origin of Islam Islam is a fairly young religion. It arose a little more than 16 centuries ago - approximately in the XNUMXth century. Islam has Christian roots, this can explain the fact that the Koran contains a norm called "dhimma". Dhimma is even more of a status. It provides, as it were, a more respectful attitude towards adherents of Christianity and Jews. Islam governs all aspects of personal and social life. It was also in Christianity, but modern Christian norms are simply guided by the creeds of the church. Islam still plays a very important role in the life of every Muslim. This religion predominates in about 36 countries with a total population of approximately 900 million people. Two thirds of these 900 million (ie approximately 650 million inhabitants) are Muslims, so Islam is widespread in such countries. In these countries, although it is said that the rights of adherents of other religions are not greatly infringed, they are made quite clear that they differ from adherents of Islam. The Qur'an forbids the forced conversion of infidels to Islam. Who are the infidels? Muslims claim that only their religion is the only true one, and they call themselves orthodox. Therefore, all others are false. The Koran allows only voluntary adoption of Islam. Leaving Islam is simply impossible: according to the Koran, this act is punishable by death. To convert to Islam, a person must complete a number of formalities: 1) cleanse yourself by washing, that is, take a shower; 2) to utter a ghadah, i.e. a sincere speech, which should express loyalty to Islam. In Muslim countries, the laws established in accordance with the Koran apply not only to Muslims, but also to all other people living in these countries (for example, in Muslim countries, a "dry law" is established that prohibits the sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages). Also, the great importance of Islam is emphasized by the fact that it is forbidden to perform religious rites in private houses or premises that are not intended for the performance of these rites. The connection between Islam and Christianity lies in the fact that the Koran tells about the Son of God Jesus. However, Jesus seems to play a secondary role here. The Quran gives priority to the Prophet Muhammad, the founder of Islam. 2. Prophet Muhammad Mohammed (or in other words, Muhammad, or Mohammed) was born into a poor Meccan family. His parents died when he was still young, so he was brought up in his grandfather's house. His grandfather was engaged in caravan trade, and the boy began to help him. At the age of 25, Muhammad married a wealthy Meccan widow named Khadija bint Khuwaylita. She bore him several sons, but the children died in infancy. But 4 daughters of the prophet also survived. While his wife was alive, Muhammad did not take other wives. Muhammad was very fond of solitude, he was quite educated and knew the basics of Christianity and Judaism. Once, having retired to the mountains in order to meditate alone, Muhammad heard a voice from outside and was very frightened. At that time Muhammad was 40 years old. Only after some time did he realize that he had been chosen by the deity as his messenger. From now on, his mission was that he had to preach faith in the one and only god Allah. For this purpose, the prophet went to the city of Mecca, where his preaching was ridiculed. But Muhammad still found his supporters, who were further persecuted. The authorities did not dare to oppose Muhammad himself, since he was under the protection of his kind, which was headed by Abu Talib. Many supporters of Islam could not stand the persecution and were forced to leave for other countries. Most of them settled in Ethiopia. But several years passed, and Muhammad's wife died, and Abu Talib also died. Thus, Muhammad is deprived of protection. He begins to zealously look for new supporters. Basically, he began to address people who came to Mecca on trade matters. At some point, the Meccans, who were already tired of this confrontation, offered an ultimatum to Muhammad. This ultimatum was that the mission of Mohammed was recognized, and Allah became the first of all gods. But the ultimatum was rejected: Muhammad claimed that Allah is the only God. Seeking protection and new supporters, Mohammed settles near the oasis. This settlement was called Yathrib. The inhabitants of this settlement were themselves pleased with the arrival of Muhammad. Yathrib was inhabited by both pagans and Arab tribes who converted to Judaism. By the time Muhammad arrived, they were mired in protracted internecine wars. To resolve disputes, according to the law, an arbitrator was needed. They were made by Muhammad. From the moment when Muhammad finally settled in Yathrib, the Muslims began a new chronology, and the settlement itself was renamed Mazhinat annabi ("City of the Prophet") or simply al-Madina (or Medina). Muhammad became not only a religious preacher, but also a political figure. He hoped for the help of the Arab tribes inhabiting Yathrib, but they openly ridiculed him and preferred to go over to the side of Mecca. Together with the Arabs, Mohammed was betrayed by some other pagan tribes. The position of the prophet is growing. The first mosque is being built - the house of Muhammad. In his sermons, the great prophet establishes norms and rules governing civil and family law. Bans were placed on pork, wine, and gambling. The special position of Muhammad was emphasized by the fact that some prohibitions did not apply to him. At the same time, open armed clashes between Muslims and Meccans began. Muslims begin to win victory after victory, which strengthens their confidence in the correctness of their religion. During one of the battles, Muhammad was wounded in the head, and the Muslims, who by this time had suffered significant losses, preferred to retreat. The Meccans, on the other hand, failed to build on their military success, and the following year they were again defeated. Islam is spreading in those territories of Arabia that border on Byzantium, as well as in Yemen and a number of other states. At the end of his life, the Prophet Muhammad decides to start spreading Islam in the north. Around 632, he unexpectedly dies for everyone. There is a point of view according to which Muhammad was poisoned. With the death of Muhammad, the direct connection of Muslims with Allah ceased. After his death, the community began to be ruled by caliphs - deputies of the Prophet in the implementation of the laws and rules commanded by Muhammad and set forth in the Koran. Muhammad was buried in the main mosque of Medina, the Prophet's Mosque. Despite the fact that after the death of his first wife, Muhammad married several times, he had no sons, but only a daughter. 3. Principles of Islam Like many other religions, Islam has its own principles. The most important of these is the principle of obedience. It lies in the fact that a Muslim is obliged to strictly observe the word of Allah, that is, to obey those precepts that are contained in the Koran. The Qur'an is said to have been given to Muhammad. This book was given to him by the archangel Gabriel. And in this one can see another relationship between Christianity and Islam. Also, another archangel is mentioned in the Quran - Archangel Michael, but the terms of his powers are not described. The Koran regulates all spheres of life of a true Muslim. This book even establishes civil and criminal laws. Muslims believe that the true interpretation of the Qur'an is the interpretation given by the Prophet Muhammad in his lifetime. An explanation of these interpretations is contained in the so-called hadiths, i.e. additional texts. Hadiths summarize the beliefs of Muslims: 1) to believe in one god, in the one and only Allah; 2) to believe in the angels sent by Him; 3) to believe that sooner or later the Day of Judgment will come; 4) to believe in the people sent by God, that is, in the prophets. It should be noted that the revelation of God is not only contained in the Qur'an, it is also contained in: 1) "the leaves of Abraham". Unfortunately, today traces of these books have been lost; 2) "sheets" of Moses, i.e. in the Pentateuch of the prophet Moses; 3) Psalms of David. Although in Islam the main role is assigned to the prophet Muhammad, other prophets are also spoken of. In particular, about Adam, Enoch, Father Methuselah, Abraham, David, Jacob, Moses, John the Baptist, Jesus Christ. Moreover, Jesus is assigned the role of a judge during the Last Judgment. Muslims believe in the divine origin of Jesus Christ. They say: why couldn't Man have been created without a father when Adam was created without a father or mother at all? But not everything was smooth within Islam itself. For centuries, there have been conflicts in which political and religious factors have mixed and mixed. The most serious of them are religious, since they leave a deep imprint in the souls of people. There are 3 groups of directions in Islam: 1) Sunnism; 2) Shiism; 3) Kharijism. Adherents of the first group make up the majority (about 90% of the total number of Muslims). The remaining ten percent are Shiites, and there are no representatives of Kharijism today. Kharijism was characteristic of the birth of Islam, when Islam was not yet a separate religion, but rather a sect. The main difference between the supporters of these directions is their attitude towards the Caliphate. The Sunnis claim that Muhammad's successors were his supporters, who were appointed in a wide variety of ways (up to a hereditary caliphate). The Shiites associated the legitimacy of the existence of the caliphate with the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad or the descendants of his son-in-law Ali. And the Kharijats believed that any devout Muslim who possessed the quality of virtue could lead the caliphate. The word "caliph" in Arabic means "deputy", "successor". Initially, the three successors of Muhammad were called caliphs. But then the caliphate began to play not only a religious, but also a political role. The procedure for the inauguration of the caliph was not initially established. The Umayyad dynasty, which came to power around the XNUMXth century, established its own characteristics: 1) the dynastic principle was established; 2) only a person of Arab origin could become a caliph, i.e. the parents of a child who in the future would take the position of caliph had to be Arabs; 3) it was clarified that the caliph is not the representative of the prophet, but of God. After the fall of the Umayyad dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty came to power. This dynasty also continued to develop the caliphate. In particular, during her reign, changes were made such as: 1) the caliphate was established in Baghdad; 2) only the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad received access to it. Then the caliphate was transferred from Baghdad to Egypt. Here he passed into the hands of one of the Turkish sultans, whose name was Selim the Terrible. The caliphate was abolished relatively recently - in 1929 Ataturk abolished it. At this time, the caliphate no longer had any political or religious weight. From 1924 he played the role of a symbol, a symbol of Islamic solidarity. For many centuries, the caliphate performed only one function - it ruled over the community of believers. However, later this function began to be mixed with political functions - the head of the caliphate began to play the role of the head of state. This is especially noticeable in countries where Shiite Islam predominates. In these countries, the head of state, the imam, began to perform both political functions and the functions of a religious and spiritual mentor of the state. Author: Filin S.P. << Back: Христианство (The emergence of Christianity. The Ten Commandments. Jesus Christ. His birth, life and death. The Pentateuch of the Prophet Moses) >> Forward: Buddhism (Four Noble Truths of Buddhism. Buddha)
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