Concepts of modern natural science. Subject of the concept of modern natural science. Natural philosophy (lecture notes)

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Concepts of modern natural science. Subject of the concept of modern natural science. Natural philosophy (lecture notes)

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LECTURE No. 1. The subject of the concept of modern natural science. Natural philosophy

1. The subject of the concept of modern natural science. Synthesis of Sciences

Natural History - this is not any separate science, it is a whole set of sciences that study nature, its laws. Thus, this course simultaneously affects mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, philosophy, etc.

All these sciences can be classified:

1) mathematical sciences;

2) natural sciences;

3) technical sciences;

4) humanities sciences.

How does the study of these various sciences contribute to our understanding of natural science? Let's look at this very simply using the example of a number of sciences:

1) physics and chemistry are natural sciences that study the laws of nature. Physics is not directly involved in the study of nature - its task is to confirm or, conversely, refute something;

2) physics and mathematics. The laws of physics are formulated (or "written") in mathematical language. To understand this, it is enough to recall the school curriculum;

3) "hybrid" or "synthesized" sciences. Over the course of centuries and millennia, mankind has come to understand that without mixing (synthesizing) the sciences, their further development is impossible. This is how physical chemistry, chemical physics appeared (the Russian Academy of Sciences even has special institutes of physical chemistry and chemical physics), biochemistry, and biophysics. Einstein combined mechanics and non-Euclidean geometry in his theory of relativity.

After the discovery of O. Ghosn and F. Strassman, who studied the chemical properties of nuclear fission, physics received further development in the same way as the whole world science as a whole.

2. Naturphilosophy. Representatives of the Milesian school

Modern natural science originates from one of the philosophical trends - natural philosophy. One of the most prominent representatives of this trend were the students of the ancient Miletus school (VII-V centuries BC): Thales, Anaximenes, Anaximander.

Thales (640-545 BC) can be called the first European philosopher.

He came from a wealthy family, was engaged in trade and political activities, traveled a lot. As a result of his travels, Thales acquired vast knowledge. In addition to trade and politics, he was also engaged in science: astronomy, geometry, arithmetic, physics.

There is a legend according to which Thales predicted an eclipse of the sun, which occurred on May 28, 585 BC. e.

He also made a significant contribution to geometry: for the first time, Thales determined the similarity conditions for triangles that have a common side and two angles adjacent to it. He is also credited with the position of similar angles at the intersection of two lines.

He made many discoveries: he set the length of the year at 365 days, divided it into twelve thirty days, established the exact time of the solstices and equinoxes, etc.

Thales believed that the basis of everything is water: it is all around. Water "impregnates" even the continents; rivers and seas flow from the earth. He noticed that the food consumed by living beings is moist and that even heat arises from moisture. Thales, one might say, "animated" the water, and he associated this animation with the population of the world by the gods.

Anaximander (about 610 - after 547 BC), unlike his teacher Thales, called not water, but apeiron ("infinite") as the fundamental principle of everything.

Apeiron - this is an indefinite matter that does not have any qualitative characteristics and which is quantitatively infinite. Anaximander also claimed that apeiron combines opposites: hot - cold, dry - wet, etc.

Interesting is his idea that "the Earth rises freely, not being bound by anything, and is held, since it is equally distant from everywhere." Thus, Anaximander can be called one of the first who began to assert the geocentric view of the Universe.

Anaximenes (about 585 - about 525 BC) called air the fundamental principle of everything. He argued that not only earth, water and stone are born from the air, but also the human soul. Anaximenes believed that the gods have no power over the air, since they themselves are composed of air.

Author: Filin S.P.

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