LECTURE № 3. Theory of relativity. Elementary particles. hot universe. Origin of the solar system

1. Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity

Before talking about Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, you need to study the experience of other physicists.

In 1881 an American physicist Michelson set up an experiment in order to clarify the participation of the ether (a hypothetical all-pervading medium, which, according to the scientific ideas of past centuries, was credited with the role of a carrier of light and electromagnetic interactions in general) in the movement of bodies. With the help of this experiment, Michelson refuted the hypothesis of a fixed ether that existed at that time. The meaning of this hypothesis was that when the Earth moves through the ether, the so-called "ether wind" can be observed.

However, Michelson's experience was used by Einstein only to confirm his theory of relativity.

Einstein, when creating the theory, wanted to combine mechanics and the theory of the electromagnetic field. In classical mechanics, the principle of physical relativity was formulated, which was that all mechanical processes in all inertial systems occur in the same way.

Einstein formulated the generalized physical principle of relativity: all physical phenomena occur in the same way with respect to any inertial systems.

According to the principle of constancy of the speed of light and the generalized principle of relativity, relativity is the simultaneity of two events to the frame of reference. It used to be thought that simultaneity is an absolute event that does not depend on the observer. But in his theory of relativity, Einstein proved that time in a moving reference frame passes much more slowly relative to the passage of time in a stationary reference frame.

Such physical quantities as extension, time and mass have lost their absolute status in the theory of relativity. Einstein, as a quantity that has the status of a constant, left only force (for example, the force of gravity). The general theory of relativity contains a geometric interpretation of the phenomenon of gravitation. Einstein argued that the force of gravity of the equivalent is equal to the curvature of non-Euclidean space. That is, an object moving in space and caught in the field of gravity changes the trajectory of its movement.

Now we can conclude that in Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, space and time have physical characteristics. And since they have physical characteristics, therefore, they are part of the world of physical processes, and the part that forms the entire internal structure of this world, "which is connected with the laws of being of the physical world."

2. Elementary particles. Origin of the Universe

According to studies conducted from satellites, the space is permeated with microwave radiation. This microwave radiation is a "legacy" from earlier stages of our universe.

By the beginning of the 1930s. it was known that most stars were made of helium. However, it remained a mystery where carbon comes from. In the 1950s English astrophysicist, writer, administrator, playwright Fred Hoyle restored the course of reactions in stars. It was these considerations that allowed Hoyle in 1953 to predict the important energy level of the carbon-12 nucleus, and the experiments of physicists confirmed his prediction. Later American physicist William Fowler, having carried out appropriate experiments, confirmed this theory. And only then was the appropriate theoretical basis prepared.

Scientists Ralph Alfer and Robert German the biblical word "ilem" called the primary substance. Then, according to Alfer and Herman, our Universe was formed from it. This primordial substance was nothing but neutron gas. These scientists developed a theory according to which heavy nuclei were attached to free neutrons. This process ended only when the free neutrons ran out. Hoyle, who did not take the theory of Alfer and Herman seriously, called it "the big bang theory" - that is, the theory of the big cotton, but in Russia it is better known as the "Big Bang theory".

There was also a theory of the cold universe. Its author, a Soviet physicist, physical chemist and astrophysicist, Yakov Borisovich Zel'dovich noted that radio astronomy data did not confirm the high density and high temperature of radiation (which should have been with the version of the "hot" origin of the Universe). Zel'dovich called the initial substance an electron gas with an admixture of neutrinos.

Stages of development of the Universe.

The initial stage of the existence of the Universe is divided into 4 eras:

1) the era of hadrons;

2) the era of leptons;

3) photon era;

4) the era of radiation.

During the first era, the era of hadrons, elementary particles were divided into hadrons and leptons. Hadrons participated in faster processes, and leptons - in slower ones.

During the second era, the era of leptons, some of the particles are out of balance with radiation, and the Universe becomes transparent to electron neutrinos.

During the third, photon, era, photons begin to play the main role in the development of the Universe. At the beginning of this era, the number of protons and neutrons was approximately equal, but then they began to turn into each other.

During the fourth era, the era of radiation, protons begin to capture neutrons; the nuclei of beryllium and lithium are formed, and the density of the Universe decreases by about 5-6 times. Due to the decrease in the density of the universe, the first atoms begin to form.

After the fourth era (the era of radiation), another era began: the fifth, stellar, era. During the stellar era, the complex process of the formation of protostars and protogalaxies began.

3. "Hot" Universe

The founder of the theory of the "hot" Universe was the American physicist Georgy Antonovich Gamov. It was he who, in 1946, laid the foundations of this theory and subsequently studied it.

As is known, in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics at high densities and temperatures in a heated substance, radiation must always be in equilibrium with it. Gamow argued that as a result of the process of nucleosynthesis, radiation should remain to this day. Only its temperature will have to "drop" due to the constant expansion.

For almost ten years, Gamow consulted with various scientists and developed formulas and schemes.

As a result of painstaking work, A - B - G-theory appeared by the names of its creators: Alfer, Bethe, Gamow.

What did the theory of the "hot" Universe give? She gave the necessary ratios of substances such as hydrogen and helium in the modern universe. Heavy elements were born, possibly, in the explosions of supernovae. Also, Gamow, in his note published in 1953, predicted background radiation.

The existence of this background radiation was confirmed by accident by American scientists (future Nobel Prize winners): radiophysicist and astrophysicist Arno Penzias and radio astronomer Robert Wilson. They were debugging the horn antenna of the new radio telescope and could not get rid of the interference. Only later did they realize that these were not simple interference, but the background radiation predicted by Gamow.

The theory of the "hot" Universe had such a powerful influence on science that Hoyle, the author of the theory of the eternal Universe, admitted the failure of his theory, although he later tried to modernize it.

4. Origin of the solar system

Cosmogony deals with the question of the origin of our solar system.

One of the main theories of the origin of the solar system was put forward by Kant. He argued that the solar system was formed from chaos. He also said that the entire world space is filled with a certain inert matter, which is disordered, but “strives to transform into a more organized one through natural development.”

Kant also believed that Milky Way for stars is the same as the Zodiac for the solar system. As a result of the research and numerous observations, Kant presented his structure of the Universe: Universe is nothing but a hierarchy of self-gravitating systems. All systems, he believed, should have a similar structure.

Laplace's theory. Laplace, on the basis of Kant's ideas, created his own theory, which was called the nebular Kant-Laplace hypothesis. Kant's nebular hypothesis was not known for one banal reason: the publisher who printed this work of Kant went bankrupt, and his book warehouse in Koenigsberg was sealed. The nebular theory of Kant-Laplace for a long time remained the first rotational hypothesis about the origin of the solar system.

This theory also had its drawbacks:

1) it did not explain the large size of the orbits of the outer giant planets and the slowness of the rotation of the Sun;

2) she did not answer the question why "the moment of the number of planets is almost twenty-nine times the moment of the number of the Sun, if the solar system is isolated."

There were also catastrophic hypotheses for the origin of the solar system. For example, Jeans suggested that some other star had once passed by our Sun nearby, and as a result, “tidal protrusions” appeared on the Sun, which transformed into gaseous jets, from which planets later arose.

Academician Vasily Grigorievich Fesenkov He believed that the planets were formed as a result of processes that took place "inside" the Sun. As a result of nuclear reactions, masses were ejected from the Sun, from which the planets later formed. These emissions were consistent with the calculations of George Darwin (son of Charles Darwin) and AM Lyapunov.

Author: Filin S.P.

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