LECTURE No. 19. Informatics

1. The concept of information

What is information? Since ancient times, people began to receive a large amount of information. Moreover, from various fields of knowledge: from the most ordinary information about everyday life to the calculation of astronomical data. Information can relate to processes that occur in the surrounding world and are perceived either by special recording devices, or directly by a person, or rather, by his senses. Also, information can be contained in a message that informs about something. For example, from newspapers or on television, where messages from other countries of the world are regularly shown. These messages are political, social, economic in nature. Thanks to such information, humanity begins to imagine the state of affairs in a particular country, a certain region, as well as in the whole world.

In distant primitive times, information was transmitted orally, that is, from one person to another. With the development of writing, it began to be fixed on material media (first on papyrus, and then on paper). More recently, just a few decades ago, information began to be stored in digital form.

In the middle of the XX century. the concept of "information" has acquired a general scientific meaning. Information is transmitted from person to person, from person to machine, from machine to machine. The exchange of information is carried out not only between these objects, but also between the cells of the body, between animals. Also, a number of scientists argue that trees also have the ability to exchange information. Trees in case of any danger or trouble send certain signals to their neighbors. Having received such a signal, for example, a signal of illness, the tree begins to intensively produce an antidote.

Every cell contains a genetic code. This genetic code is the well-known DNA. Cell information is passed from generation to generation through complementary base pairing.

Despite the fact that the genetic code of different organisms is naturally diverse, some of them can be distinguished. general properties:

1) redundancy;

2) specificity;

3) versatility;

4) discreteness;

5) "punctuation marks" of the genetic code. redundancy. The meaning of this property is that the genetic code includes a very large number of nitrogenous bases. Therefore, genetic codes are formed by so-called triplets, i.e., a combination that consists of three nucleotides.

Specificity. This property lies in the fact that triplets are individual and can correspond to only one amino acid.

Versatility. The meaning of this property is that the genetic code is universal for both bacteria and mammals.

discreteness. These same triplets are never overlapped, and it is impossible to count DNA from a molecule if the nitrogenous bases of different triplets were used.

"Punctuation marks" of the genetic code. Simply put, there are triplets in cells that separate information about proteins, preventing it from mixing.

Information is also an important philosophical issue. There is no doubt that information processes are a reflection of objective reality.

The position on the inseparable connection between information and reflection has become one of the most important in the study of information and information processes and is recognized by the absolute majority of Russian philosophers. Information in wildlife, unlike inanimate nature, plays an active role, as it participates in the management of all life processes.

Information is also studied in such a science as cybernetics. Cybernetics is closely connected with a number of other sciences (for example, with logic, philosophy, mathematics). The main task of cybernetics is to decide whether it is possible to create artificial intelligence. Scientists-philosophers argue that it is impossible to create artificial intelligence. Or rather, you can create it, but it will never replace the human mind.

Scientist P. Armer proposed the idea of ​​an "intelligence continuum", the essence of which was that computers can be classified according to the level of development of their intellect. Armer also proposed to develop a kind of scale, according to which it would be possible to carry out such a classification. He suggested that a person conduct a dialogue with a computer and ask him questions from various fields of knowledge. If a person could not distinguish the answer of a computer from the answer of another person, then such an electronic computer would be considered a machine with a developed intellect.

2. Calculus systems

Everyone knows that the computer "speaks" in its own language, the language of numbers. Everyone seems to know this language. But many do not know that the computer "speaks" not in simple, but in a special language of numbers, which is called the number system. Not everyone can learn this language, because it is very difficult. It would seem that there is something difficult - to rearrange the numbers in the digital series. It's not all that simple. Very often it happens that the wrong number put there leads to the failure of the entire program. Therefore, when a programmer "communicates" with a computer, he must be extremely attentive.

Computers perceive everything in a binary system, i.e. the presence or absence of a signal. The binary system uses only two digits: zero or one. Zero indicates the absence of a signal, and one indicates its presence. Counting in binary goes like this: 01,10,11,100, etc.

But time did not stand still, and computer technology developed along with it. Today, the hexadecimal system is already used. This system includes the following components:

1) numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9);

2) letters of the Latin alphabet (A, B, C, D, E, F).

Accordingly, the calculation here is carried out in a completely different, more complex way.

Author: Filin S.P.

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