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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Concepts of modern natural science. Time (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 9. Time 1. Uniformity of time According to the dictionary of the Russian language S. I. Ozhegov, time is defined in eight terms: 1) in the philosophical sense, this is one of the main forms (along with space) of the existence of infinitely developing matter; 2) duration, the duration of something, measured in seconds, minutes, hours; 3) a period of one or another duration in which something happens, a successive change of hours, days, years; 4) a certain moment at which something happens; 5) period, era; 6) time of day, year; 7) suitable, convenient time, favorable moment; 8) the same as leisure. This suggests that time is a heterogeneous concept. It can be used in various senses. The theory of the concept of modern natural science, like philosophy, studies the concept of time in a general philosophical sense. Albert Einstein's theory of relativity played an important role in understanding time. Before the advent of this theory, the scientific world was dominated by the teachings of Isaac Newton, who claimed that time is absolute. The emergence of the theory of relativity played a major role in overcoming the teachings of Isaac Newton. Albert Einstein argued that there is a fundamental connection between time and matter (ie, mass) and motion. According to the theory of relativity, there is a possibility of relative time dilation at speeds close to the speed of light (this is the so-called "twin paradox"). Time is studied not only in philosophy, physics, the concept of modern natural science, but also in the social sciences. The concept of objective historical time has taken an important place in the social sciences. It, this objective historical time, has become the basis for culture, history, etc. What has the study of time given philosophy? This question cannot be answered briefly, because time has become one of the foundations for creating many scientific concepts: 1) Marxism; 2) positivism; 3) evolutionism; 4) the teachings of Sorokin; 5) Russian cosmism. Time is characterized by three main features: 1) uniformity; 2) continuity; 3) unidirectionality of time (or irreversibility of time). The homogeneity of time means that any phenomena that occur in the same conditions, but in different periods of time, proceed in the same way. Simply put, if, for example, you start writing some scientific work today (be it a report, an abstract, a dissertation, etc.), this does not mean that if you start writing it yesterday or tomorrow, then its content will be better or worse. In this case, the quality of our scientific work will be influenced, first of all, by such factors as our knowledge of the topic of the work, focus on writing the work, attentiveness, understanding of the literature read and studied (textbooks, manuals, monographs, legislation, etc.). 2. Continuity of time Continuity scientists-philosophers refer to the monological properties of space and time. What is continuity? The continuity of time, not only in philosophy, but also in other sciences, implies that between two periods of time (despite the fact that they are located very close) it is always possible to distinguish a third period of time. Life on Earth, the change of generations by new generations, is such a continuity of time. The continuity of life is ensured by the processes of synthesis and decay, each organism gives or releases what other organisms use. Mamardashvili M. K. writes that the next moment does not follow from the previous moment. Simply put, if we do something very well today, this does not mean that tomorrow the same thing will be done as well (i.e., as today) and in general we always do it just as well. Descartes in his scientific works argued that for the reproduction of a substance we need no less force than for its creation. Time cannot be stopped, since it does not depend on the will and consciousness of a person. This phenomenon has no breaks, no stops, and it never pauses. In ancient times, scientists believed that space - this is emptiness, and time is always the same for our entire Universe. Today it is reliably known that the view of ancient scientists and philosophers described above is incorrect. A significant role in the refutation of this point of view was played by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, which was already mentioned above. In particular, Einstein proved that time can, as it were, be refracted and change its course (the "twin paradox"). 3. Unidirectional time Unidirectionality of time - this is a logical sequence of successive phenomena, events, etc. From this property of time, we can conclude that the appearance of a consequence is always preceded by the formation of a cause. On the contrary, it can NEVER be: you can’t bake bread first, and then grind flour in order to bake this particular loaf of bread. If the formation of the cause precedes the occurrence of the effect, then this is a violation of the rules of formal logic. In philosophy, the property of unidirectionality is also called the "arrow of time". The passage of time is indeed very similar to the flight of an arrow: 1) the arrow was fired - the Universe appeared; 2) the arrow is in the process of flight - life is developing stronger and stronger; 3) the arrow falls - the end of all living things comes. But Henri Bergson, one of the leading French philosophers of the 20th century, argued that it is possible, as it were, to combine time layers. He based his theory of duration and time on mixing memories from the past with the present time, present events. Henri Bergson believed that such a mixing of time layers is an act of what is known and what is only being known. Author: Filin S.P. << Back: Biophysics (General concepts and history. Luigi Galvani, his theory. Dispute with Volt) >> Forward: Behaviorism (Watson's behaviorism. Skinner's neobehaviorism. Errors of behaviorists. Sociobehaviorism)
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