LECTURE No. 13. Christianity

1. The rise of Christianity

Христианство - one of the most widespread world religions. Christianity was one of the reasons for the collapse of the great Roman Empire. Then, when this religion appeared, Rome was going through difficult times. One of the main reasons for this was the cooling of the citizens of Rome towards their gods, many simply stopped believing in them. The second reason was that there were many slaves in Rome. "Many slaves - many enemies" - said the Roman proverb.

Christianity claims that God is one in three persons: God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit.

The meaning lies in the philosophical understanding of this unity, and it can be expressed as follows:

1) God is the Father. Our God is the Creator, it was He who created the Universe and all living things in it;

2) God is the Son. Jesus Christ in the Bible states: "I and the Father are one." From this we can conclude that God the Father is inseparable from God the Son;

3) God - the Holy Spirit means the eternal existence of God. He never appeared, since He exists forever, it is He who is the root cause of all living things.

We know that man was created in the image and likeness of God. But few people know that before Eve, the first man, Adam, had another wife. Her name was Lilith. This name goes back to Sumerian times and sounds like Lilleik. Scientists learned about this when they discovered ancient tablets with the inscription: "May the Lord bless you and keep you from Lilith!".

In literature, one can find two different beginnings of the legend about Adam and his first wife, Lilith. In general, the word "adam" is translated as "man". According to the first version, which is contained in the Bible, the first people were created in the image and likeness of God from dust ("adam" can also be translated as "dust"). And Eve was created later from Adam's rib. But more on that later. According to the second version, only Adam was created in the image and likeness of God, and Lilith was created as his assistant.

Lilith turned out to be a very wayward and stubborn woman. She disobeyed and opposed the will of Adam. She believed that she had the same rights as Adam. Adam argued otherwise.

Lilith was very angry with Adam. She went straight to Yahweh (this is one of the names of God) and, having seduced Him, she learned his Sacred Name, which no one could know, let alone pronounce aloud. Lilith could not resist and immediately said the sacred name aloud. In less than a fraction of a second, Lilith was expelled from the Garden of Eden.

Lilith ended up on the coast of the Red Sea in a cave. There is a claim that she still lives in this cave. The woman was not left alone: ​​she made love with demons, and later became the wife of the Demon King Asmodeus. Lilith became known as the mother of many thousands of demons, and her name from now on was this - Younger Lilith. She received her new name from the time she married Asmodeus.

Adam at this time became sad and began to regret that Lilith was expelled. He came to Yahweh and began to ask Him to return Lilith. God had mercy on him and said that if Lilith wants to voluntarily return, then she will be forgiven, and if she does not want to voluntarily return, then one hundred of her demon children will die daily. With such a proposal, three angels went to Lilith, whose names were Senoy, Sansenoy and Semangelofa. Angels found the Younger Lilith:

1) according to one legend, in a cave;

2) according to the second version of the legend, Lilith was discovered in the middle of the sea, on high waves.

She refused this offer. Senoya, Sansenoya and Semangelofa told her that if she did not agree, they would drown her. This threat worked, but Lilith still refused to return. She promised that she would kill small children. But not all: the younger Lilith promised that she would not touch the children who would be wearing amulets with outlines or with the names of Senoy, Sansenoy and Semangelof. Such amulets were found in reality, and the inscription on them was something like this: "Senoi, Sansenoy and Semangelof! Adam and Eve! Cast out Lilith!" In this case, the angels promised not to touch Lilith.

But she didn't stop. And now she decided to take revenge on her ex-husband Adam. And she succeeded. Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden. But what role did Lilith play here? After all, it is known that the expulsion from the Garden of Eden was due to the fault of Eve.

When our forefathers lived in the Garden of Eden, they did not know anything bad. As a result, Eve was so naive that she believed the Serpent. Lilith here acted as a snake, but the voice with which she spoke did not belong to her, but to her husband Samael (or Satan). By this time, Lilith had become one of his four wives and had a new name - Elder Lilith. Having eaten the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of Good and Evil, Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden, as they violated the only prohibition that God set for them.

But even on this, according to legend, Lilith did not calm down. She began to haunt Adam in his dreams and tempted him to conceive new demons. The legend also claims that Samael did the same with Eve, from whom Eve gave birth to Cain, who later became the first killer.

Everyone knows the story of Cain and Abel. Cain was jealous of Abel for God and killed his brother, and he himself was cursed until the end of his days and wandered all over the world all his life. Meanwhile, God had mercy on Adam and Eve, and they had a third son, whose name was Seth. Adam at that time was about 130 years old. According to another point of view, Adam was much older: after the murder of Abel by Cain, he did not approach his wife for 130 years. An angel appeared to Adam, who told him the news that they would have a third son.

Seth became the symbol of a heretical sect. This sect claimed that Sif - this is the Messiah. But much later this sect merged with the Christian Gnostics and became known as the "Sephites".

2. Ten Commandments

Christianity regulates the moral life of man. This regulation is carried out using a kind of "mechanism".

This "mechanism" consists of ten biblical commandments that were given by God to people through the prophet Moses:

1) do not worship and do not create other gods for yourself;

2) do not make yourself an idol;

3) do not take the name of the Lord in vain;

4) keep the Sabbath;

5) honor your father and your mother;

6) do not kill;

7) do not commit adultery;

8) do not steal;

9) do not bear false witness against your neighbor;

10) Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife.

First commandment proclaims the idea of ​​the existence of one God. The human soul, according to Christianity, can never go to heaven if he believed in two or more gods at once. God will not tolerate comparing Himself with non-existent spirits and mythical gods, since what is and what is not and could not be is incomparable.

Second Commandment speaks of the inadmissibility of creating an idol for oneself. According to the Bible, when Moses talked with God, the people gave away all the precious things they had and made a golden calf out of them. They stopped praying to God, stopped fasting, and began to worship a new deity. At the same time, the philosophy of this deity boiled down to the fact that there were no prohibitions: people simply indulged in all sinful pleasures.

Third Commandment Do not take the name of the Lord in vain. The Lord does not like being "disturbed" just like that. Most people around the world began to use the name of the Lord God as a common noun. And this, of course, became unpleasant to the Lord. God should be approached only during prayer.

Fourth commandment - Keep the Sabbath.

Fifth commandment tells us that we should honor our parents. Honoring parents should be roughly equal to honoring God. Parents, on the other hand, must plant seeds in the souls of their children, from which the reverence for them and the Lord will grow.

Sixth commandment - do not kill. Murder is one of the worst human sins. The first murder is known to have been committed by Cain. Since then, the earth has absorbed human blood, and in the human soul, killing has become a way to solve the problem.

Seventh Commandment - do not commit adultery. Adultery is a violation of marital fidelity. Marriage between a man and a woman presupposes love between them. A real marriage is made in heaven once and for all. The Lord forbade "gazing" at another woman or at another man to those who have already entered into a marriage.

Eighth commandment - don't steal. Theft, according to the law, is the secret theft of another's property. But, despite the fact that in modern legislation theft does not belong to especially dangerous crimes, it is, along with murder, one of the most terrible human sins.

Ninth commandment Do not bear false witness against your neighbor. Here the main point is that one cannot lie, that is, one cannot talk about what a person did not do or attribute to him what was not done by him, but by some other person.

Tenth commandment - Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife, nor his house, nor his servant, nor his maidservant, nor his donkey, nor his donkey, etc. This commandment is similar in meaning to the seventh commandment. But the tenth commandment includes, besides adultery, envy. In Christianity, envy is one of the worst sins. A person should be content with what he has. You can't want something that someone else has (regardless of the value of that thing). You need to achieve everything in life yourself.

envious person - a limited person, because he cannot get what he wants on his own. He is looking for easier ways to get this thing. And often these ways are theft or murder.

3. Jesus Christ. His birth, life and death

There is no doubt that Jesus Christ is a key figure in the Christian religion. Son of God, Savior, Messiah. He took all human sins upon himself, resisting the temptations of Satan.

According to the Bible, Jesus was born about 2 years ago. It is from his birth that the modern chronology begins. An angel appeared to his mother Mary at night, who told her that she would have a son. The birth of a boy was predicted before his birth. Joseph, the husband of Mary, and Mary herself were very happy about this. They learned from an angel that their future son is the Son of God. It is he who will have to save humanity.

At this time, King Herod learned that the King of the Jews had been born. Herod was a greedy, evil man; he thought that a baby was born who would take his throne in the future. Herod decided on an unprecedented step - he ordered to kill all newborn babies. But an angel appeared and ordered Joseph and Mary to urgently flee to Bethlehem, where Jesus was born.

Numerous wise men came to the baby: the shepherds saw a new unusually bright star in the sky and followed it. This star pointed them to the door, behind which was a newborn baby. The Magi brought their gifts to baby Jesus, as they knew that before them was the true King of the Jews.

Years passed. Jesus grew up and began to preach faith in his Father.

He performed many miracles:

1) turned water into wine;

2) fed 5 thousand people with five loaves of bread and two fish. Moreover, there were 12 boxes of food left;

3) Jesus healed the sick;

4) Jesus raised the dead. For example, there is a legend according to which Christ raised Lazarus.

A few years later, Jesus recruited 12 disciples who are called apostles in the Bible. All of them sacredly believed in the Divine origin of Christ, their Teacher. But there was also a traitor among them - Judas. He sold his Master for 30 pieces of silver. At that time, almost a hunt began for Jesus. The high priests of that time did not like the instructions of Christ, as they went against the policy of the church. They managed to bribe Judas, who promised to give them Christ. He said that Christ is the person he will kiss.

Indeed, after the Last Supper, Judas committed his betrayal. Jesus was not at all angry with Judas - He knew about his fate. At the Last Supper, Jesus told his disciples that one of them was a traitor. Then Peter, one of his disciples, said that he would never betray or deny his Master. But before the roosters crowed three times, Peter denied Christ three times. Peter realized what he had done and became even more zealous in preaching his faith in Christ. According to the Bible, the apostle Peter stands at the gate that leads to paradise. Most likely, Peter is not allowed further because of his denial of Christ. But he did not go to hell either, because he realized his mistake and did everything possible to spread Christianity.

Jesus Christ was captured and crucified on the cross. Crucifixion was the most shameful execution. So only slaves were executed.

Having killed the body of Christ, the executioners did not kill his soul. 3 days after the crucifixion, Jesus resurrected, and another 40 days later he ascended on a cloud to his Father, that is, to heaven. The Bible states that a person who believes in God and Jesus is guaranteed a path to heaven.

4. Pentateuch of the prophet Moses

The great prophet Moses was entrusted with an unusually difficult, but extremely necessary mission: he was to lead all the Jews out of Egypt. Moses managed to convince the Egyptian pharaoh to let his people go. But after a while, the pharaoh wanted to bring the Jews back, and he sent an army after them. The army caught up with the Jews at the shore of the Red Sea, but the sea parted, and all the people managed to escape from the Egyptians. Moses and his people had many difficulties during their journey: the Jews began to grumble at the prophet when they wanted to eat (then God sent them manna from heaven), and also when they wanted to drink (then Moses struck them water from the rock).

In addition to this mission, Moses also wrote the Pentateuch.

The first book. The first book has an extremely important role. It was completed around 1448 BC. e. and is called "Genesis". This book describes God's great plan for the destiny of mankind. But man refused responsibility before God. Despite the fact that the Lord offered man ways to solve this problem, man showed that his heart was capable of producing only evil. The Lord understood that His prohibitions had not been observed by humanity for a long time. He decided to cleanse the entire world of sin through the Great Flood. But the Lord did not want to destroy all people. He chose only Noah (descendant of Adam and Eve's third son Seth) and his family for salvation. They built a huge ark, where they housed themselves, and also placed a pair of each creature.

But even after the flood the world was not cleansed of sin. The last straw in the patience of the Lord was the Tower of Babel. People began to treat God and the church so blasphemously that they decided to build a tower to the sky. God did not tolerate this and confused the languages ​​of the people. Speaking in different languages, people were unable to continue building the tower.

But the Lord did not stop loving people. He chose Abraham so that a new people would come from him. From Abraham came Isaac, from Isaac came Jacob, and from Jacob came his twelve sons, who were called the fathers of the twelve tribes of Israel. Among them stands out the favorite son of Jacob - Joseph. He was sold by his brothers into slavery to the Egyptian pharaoh. But in Egypt, Joseph was released. He deserved it by being able to do what the Egyptian sages failed to do - he explained to the pharaoh his two dreams:

1) seven fat cows and seven skinny cows;

2) about seven thick ears of wheat and about seven withered ears of wheat.

Joseph returned home and forgave his brothers.

Second book. The second book of Moses ("Exodus") tells how the descendants of the twelve tribes of the fathers of Israel were enslaved and driven to Egypt. Moses grew up, was brought up and lived in the palace of Pharaoh for forty years. It was to him that the Lord entrusted the mission to save the Jews. Ten “plagues of Egypt” were sent to Egypt. The trouble did not affect only those houses that were anointed with the blood of the lamb. In this way it was shown that Jews are no worse than others. If the inhabitants of Egypt disobey the Lord, they will suffer the same fate as the inhabitants of Israel.

Moses, as already mentioned, led his people in the wilderness for forty years. None of the Jews who left Egypt, including Moses himself, ever reached the lands that the Lord intended. The second book also tells how the Lord commanded that a tabernacle be built so that the Jews could communicate with him.

Third book. The third book is called Leviticus. It was written by Moses in 1448 BC. e. in the Sinai desert. She describes how God, at the very beginning of the existence of this tabernacle, gave Moses the 5 most important sacrifices of the Jewish people:

1) burnt offerings;

2) food offerings;

3) peace offering;

4) sin offerings;

5) service offerings.

The Lord also said that not everyone should bring these sacrifices: only special persons - priests - should bring them. Aaron (brother of Moses) and his sons became priests. The Lord also gave the laws of worship, which can be divided into 3 groups:

1) hygienic;

2) liturgical;

3) symbolic.

Also in this book a holiday is established - the Great Day of Purification. On this holiday, priests, in addition to their daily duties, had to perform a number of special duties. In addition, the third book mentions some other important aspects of Jewish life.

Fourth book. The fourth book tells how the people of Israel lived in the desert. The Israelites received the law (i.e., commandments) at Mount Sinai. They set off. But due to the fact that the spies, of which there were 12 people, indulged in pleasure for too long on the land that God had prepared for his people to live in, they were late and returned only after 40 days. The Lord was angry with them and with all the people and made the Israelites walk in the desert for 40 years.

Also in the fourth book it is said that the Israelites were divided into clans, according to the twelve tribes of Israel.

At the same time, Levites were singled out, on whom special duties were imposed to serve in the tabernacle. This was followed by many laws: the law of purification, the law of sanctification, the law of Nazariteship. For the first time, Passover was celebrated in the desert.

Also in the fourth book it is told that, although the Israelites constantly rebelled against God, they still followed Moses, and therefore followed God. The Lord led his people through the help of peculiar natural phenomena: "a cloud and a column of fire" (this is mentioned in the ninth chapter of the fourth book), and also with the help of two silver trumpets (this is mentioned in the tenth chapter of the fourth book).

During the journey, the Israelites receive many laws that regulate the religious, moral and social life of man. Despite the fact that the Lord was very angry with the Israelites, everyone could still make peace with Him by offering Him a sacrifice. Unfortunately, Moses and his brother Aaron also lost their trust in God. Therefore, the Lord did not let them into the Promised Land. The people of Israel again began to wallow in sin, and the Lord sent the Bronze Serpent against them. Initially, the snake healed the Israelites from the bites of poisonous reptiles that were sent to the Israelites for their transgressions. After some time, the Bronze Serpent began to be called "Nekhushtan" and turned into an object of idolatry. In the course of the church reform, King Khizkiyahu ordered to break the image of the serpent.

The Israelites entered the lands of the people of Midian, who were brutally exterminated by them. The two tribes of Israel liked these lands so much that they refused to go further and began to settle here.

Fifth book. The fifth book (Deuteronomy) is different in that it contains mainly the speeches of Moses in which he explains to the Israelites the meaning of the Ten Commandments. In the same book, Moses predicts the birth of Jesus Christ and gives the corresponding law. In total, the following laws were given in the fifth book:

1) about idolatry;

2) on the consumption of meat;

3) about the Sabbath year;

4) about holidays;

5) on the administration of justice and a number of other laws.

Moses also predicts that the people of Israel will fall away from the Law, but God will still show mercy to His people when Israel is scattered among all the peoples of the world. Moses said that the children of all the tribes of Israel would be gathered and returned to the glorious Promised Land.

After the fifth book of Moses comes an appendix to it. This addition describes the death of the great prophet Moses.

Author: Filin S.P.

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