Commercial law. Legal regulation of pricing. Types of prices (lecture notes)

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Commercial law. Legal regulation of pricing. Types of prices (lecture notes)

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LECTURE No. 19. Legal regulation of pricing. Price types

1. Legal regulation of pricing

Price is one of the key characteristics of a product. Price - the amount of money that the buyer pays and the seller receives for a unit of goods. First of all, the price is the amount of money that the buyer is willing to pay for the product. But in this case it is the bid price or the ask price. Demand is the goods that buyers are willing to buy at a certain price level. For the seller, the price is the amount of monetary units for which he agrees to sell the same product. And this is the price of the seller, i.e. the offer price. Offer - these are goods that the seller considers it profitable to offer on the market at a certain price level for them. Thus, the price of a commodity is the result of an agreement between the seller's price and the buyer's price. Price is a historical category that arose in the process of exchanging goods.

There is a so-called costly method of setting the price of goods. It forms the price of goods from the positions of the manufacturer and the seller. This method is built taking into account the fact that the manufacturer and seller, by selling goods at a certain price, must not only reimburse costs, but also receive additional income in the form of profit. Accordingly, the price formula determined on the basis of the cost approach is:

C \uXNUMXd C + Pr

where C - the price of the goods;

C - the cost of goods (production costs);

Pr - profit received by the manufacturer (seller).

To determine the price of a product, you can use the Irving Fisher equation:

M x O = T x C

Consequently:

C = M x O/T

C - the price of a unit of goods;

M is the amount of money in circulation;

O - velocity of circulation, i.e., the number of revolutions that a monetary unit makes in a year;

T is the quantity of goods sold and bought.

Free pricing is one of the characteristics of the market, but the state reserves the mechanisms for regulating prices for goods:

1) establishment of taxes, excises, duties;

2) setting prices for goods of natural monopolies (transportation of oil and gas, telecommunications, services of the port, post office, heating systems, etc.);

3) establishment of a maximum allowance for medicines of a certain list;

4) state commodity interventions. The state either sells from its reserves or makes purchases at a certain price for certain goods;

5) tax control over certain transactions. They check the price of goods when concluding barter transactions, in transactions between related parties, when the price of goods deviates by more than 20% upwards or downwards from the price level that is applied by taxpayers for homogeneous goods within a short period of time, when concluding foreign trade transactions.

2. Types of prices

Prices can be classified:

1) according to the purpose of the goods:

a) wholesale;

b) retail;

2) according to the method of education:

a) contractual;

b) free.

Wholesale price - the price sold by the manufacturer to wholesale buyers. It consists of cost and profit, as well as possible discounts and markups in favor of the sales organization.

Retail price - the price at which a product is sold to the public at retail. It consists of the wholesale price of the goods and the markup of retailers. The contractual price is established by agreement of the parties. Changing the price after the conclusion of the contract is possible in cases and on the conditions provided for by the contract, the law or in the manner prescribed by law. If the price is not fixed in the contract for compensation and cannot be determined on the basis of the terms of the contract, then the performance of the contract must be ensured by the price that, under comparable circumstances, is usually charged for similar goods. The free price is set by the seller, taking into account the conjuncture of supply and demand on the market for identical goods.

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