LECTURE No. 16. The market and its legal characteristics

The market is a sphere of entrepreneurial activity carried out on the basis of competition in the production, sale, purchase of individual goods and the use of property. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation defines the market as a sphere of circulation of goods, determined on the basis of the ability of the buyer or seller to really and without significant additional costs to purchase or sell goods in the territory closest to the buyer-seller or beyond. Market features:

1) the presence of a specific object of the market - homogeneous goods that are not withdrawn from circulation. Qualitative characteristics of the market - the volume of turnover of goods;

2) the presence of market entities, which are understood as legal entities and individuals carrying out their activities on a professional basis;

3) market territory (geographical boundaries where buyers purchase or have the opportunity to purchase goods, and sellers sell a certain product and are not able to do this outside it):

a) international markets;

b) republican markets;

c) local markets.

The commodity market has its own structure - a set of links that participate in the promotion of goods from producers to consumers, and infrastructure - a set of links that, without directly promoting goods from producers to consumers, serve the work of the market structure. The elements of the commodity market structure are:

1) manufacturers of goods;

2) wholesale trade and other intermediary organizations;

3) retail trade organizations;

4) consumers.

The commodity market infrastructure consists of:

1) resellers - organizations that carry out intermediary activities and ensure the interaction of manufacturers and consumers in terms of the purchase or sale of goods through the creation of wholesale markets, exchange trading, holding exhibitions and fairs, providing warehouse services, etc.;

2) information support - organizations providing observation of commodity markets, including markets for consumer goods and products for industrial and technical purposes;

3) the packaging industry - production structures and regulatory and organizational measures that ensure an increase in the competitiveness of goods and the efficiency of trade through the creation of packaging products that meet the requirements of international standards;

4) transport support - all modes of transport that ensure the movement of goods and their delivery to consumers;

5) financial and credit support - organizations that provide payment, settlement and credit support for the movement of goods;

6) organizational support - organizational measures that are aimed at minimizing the cost of promoting products from the manufacturer to the consumer;

7) regulatory support - a system of federal laws, decrees and orders of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions and orders of the Government of the Russian Federation, regulations of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation and other acts regulating the relationship of parties in commodity markets. A market is said to be perfect when:

1) all goods of this type are objectively homogeneous in terms of their quality, appearance and packaging, and the price is unambiguously comparable with a certain product;

2) the conditions of competition are the same for all sellers and buyers, there are no preferences of a spatial, personal and temporal nature;

3) the market is transparent, i.e. sellers and buyers have the opportunity to fully review the market, obtain reliable information about all the circumstances of transactions (about prices, discounts, product quality, terms of delivery and payments). If one of these conditions is violated, then there is an imperfect market. A great inequality of conditions is created by the advertising of goods, since large and successful enterprises are able to spend considerable sums on advertising and carry out a large advertising campaign, thereby creating a privileged position for their goods in the market. Consumer goods sellers tend to present their homogeneous products as heterogeneous with the help of packaging and external design, to expand the area of ​​​​preferences due to a favorable geographical location. There are the following types of markets:

1) polypoly - there are many sellers and many buyers;

2) oligopsony - many sellers and few buyers;

3) monopsony - many sellers and one buyer;

4) oligopoly - several sellers and many buyers;

5) bilateral oligopoly - several sellers and several buyers;

6) limited monopsony - several sellers and one buyer;

7) monopoly - one seller and many buyers;

8) limited monopoly - one seller and several buyers;

9) bilateral monopoly - one seller and one buyer.

Legal support for the functioning of commodity markets is ensured by:

1) development of regulatory documents to create conditions for the functioning of commodity markets, the organization of wholesale trade, the provision of services and the prevention of offenses;

2) development of amendments to laws and other regulatory legal acts regulating the activities of participants in trade markets;

3) development of regulatory and methodological documents for certification and standardization of products;

4) development of methodological documents on trade and supply and marketing activities.

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