LECTURE No. 14. The beginning of the economic development of Russia

1. Eastern Slavs in the pre-state period. Prerequisites for the formation of the ancient Russian state. General characteristics of the socio-economic development of Kievan Rus. Features of early feudalization

During the Great Migration of Peoples, the Slavic tribes, fleeing from the Huns, took refuge in the forests or headed west. But after the decline of the Huns' power, the Slavs returned to the banks of the Danube and Dnieper, to the forests along the Pripyat and Desna rivers, to the upper reaches of the Oka. In the V - VI centuries. n. e. there was a demographic explosion of the Slavic population.

At this time, the importance of tribal leaders and elders was strengthened in Slavic society, fighting squads were formed around them, the division of the population into rich and poor began, and the trade of the inhabitants of the Danube and Dnieper with the Balkans and Greece began again.

In the XNUMXth century n. e. in the basins of the Dnieper and Dniester, a strong alliance of East Slavic tribes, who were called Ants, was formed. At the same time, in the north of the Balkan Peninsula, a tribal union of the Slavs (Slavs), akin to the union of the Antes, was formed. From the XNUMXth century n. e. Antes moved to the Balkan Peninsula, to the territory of the Byzantine Empire.

In the XNUMXth century n. e. on the banks of the Dnieper, the future capital of Rus', the city of Kyiv, was founded by the Slavic leader Kiy. Kyiv became the center of one of the tribes of the union of the Ants - the glades. At this time, there were attempts by the Byzantine state to establish peaceful relations with the leaders of the Ants, the desire of the Ants to develop new territories in confrontation with the local Slavs. Slavic teams are mastering the south, the Balkans, the west and the east. Later, another Slavic center appeared in Priilmenye - the union of Novgorod (Priilmensky) Slovenes.

During the VI - VII centuries. the Slavs were constantly fighting the Avars, who invaded Eastern Europe. At the end of the XNUMXth century Slavs in alliance with the Frankish king Charlemagne inflicted a crushing defeat on the Avars.

At the same time, a new Turkic horde, the Khazars, came to Eastern Europe through the Lower Volga region to the Northern Black Sea region, having occupied lands in the foothills of the Caucasus. Part of the Slavic tribes became dependent on the Khazar rule. Through Khazaria, the Slavs traded with the East. Since the Slavs tried to free themselves from the influence of the Khazars, peaceful relations often alternated with military conflicts.

In the VIII - IX centuries. after the defeat of the Khazars and the liberation of their lands from their pressure, a long period of peace begins in the life of the Eastern Slavs. At least 15 unions of Slavic tribes similar to Antes are formed. At the turn of the VIII - IX centuries. the glades manage to get rid of the control of the Khazars and the payment of tribute to them. Other tribes (northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi) still remained Khazar tributaries.

The most developed among the Slavic tribes were the meadows, as they lived in a favorable climate, on a trade road, and were constantly in contact with more developed southern neighbors. This is where the majority of the population was concentrated. Also, different tribes had their own peculiarities of economic development. They had a great influence on the formation of society among the Eastern Slavs, on the emergence of their desire to create a state.

In ancient times, the concept of the state was combined with the power of the leader-leader. Among the Eastern Slavs, they became tribal princes with the help of their squads. The first signs of statehood appeared among those tribes whose economy developed faster than others. These were meadows and Novgorod Slovenes.

By the end of the ninth century established a fairly clear hierarchy of society. At its top was the prince. He completely controlled the entire tribe or union of tribes, relying on senior and junior combatants (personal protection). All combatants were professional soldiers. Over time, tribal nobility appeared - future boyars from among the heads of clans. The most numerous part of the tribe were people (smerds). But they were also divided into "husbands" (the most prosperous), "warriors", that is, those who had the right to participate in wars and could provide themselves with the necessary equipment. Men were subordinate to women, children, and other family members. They were called "servants". At the lower levels of society were the poor, who became dependent on rich people, the inferior - orphans and serfs. At the lowest rung of society were slaves - as a rule, prisoners of war.

After the abolition of polyudya in Rus', a regular collection of tribute from the population was introduced. Thus, people fell into a certain dependence on the prince and the state. The princes were able to appropriate the most fertile and best lands. And free people, in addition to paying tribute to the prince, gradually fell into dependence on him. They were attracted to various jobs in the household of the prince; so there was a land dependence on the master. The first princely domains appear - complexes of lands on which people lived, dependent directly on the ruler of the state. At the same time, personal land holdings and farms of princely boyars and warriors arose. The princes gave them the opportunity to manage their possessions, and as a payment - to appropriate part of the profits from these farms. This order was called "feeding". Later, the princes transfer their possessions to the hereditary property of their vassals. Such lands in Rus' were called fiefdoms. But the right of supreme power to these lands belonged to the Grand Duke. He could grant these lands, or he could take them away or betray them to another person. In turn, large landowners transferred part of their possessions to their combatants so that they could live on them and have the opportunity to purchase military equipment - in the XNUMXth century. in Rus', a system similar to that of Western Europe was taking shape. Such a piece of transferred land was called a feud, and the entire system of multi-stage dependence was called feudal; owners of land with peasants or cities inhabited by artisans and other residents were called feudal lords.

2. The social division of labor among the Eastern Slavs. The emergence of cities, the development of trade in Ancient Russia

In the VIII - X centuries. the Slavs have a division of labor. Sources of livelihood became more diverse - for example, military booty appears. Along with the division of sedentary and nomadic tribes, agricultural and pastoral, tribes hunting and engaged in a productive economy, an intra-clan division of labor began: professional artisans and professional warriors appeared.

East Slavic cities became the seat of power, centers of trade and crafts, places of worship, allowed to protect themselves from enemies. They arose where artisans settled, namely, at the intersections of trade routes, where tribal leaders lived, there were religious shrines.

Trade routes connected cities and lands with each other, helped to establish contacts and establish ties with other peoples, attached the East Slavic lands to developed territories - Byzantium, Western Europe, and eastern countries.

At this time, the famous route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" appeared. In places where this path passed through Russian lands, large East Slavic cities arose: Kyiv, Smolensk, Lyubich - on the Dnieper; Novgorod - near Lake Ilmen, on the banks of the Volkhov River; Pskov - next to Lake Ladoga.

But, in addition to communication with other peoples, trade routes also had negative properties. They were also used as military roads. And not only the Slavs followed them to different parts of the world, but other peoples used them to attack the Slavs.

3. Internal development of Russia

In 862, three Varangian brothers arrived in the Slavic and Finno-Ugric lands. The eldest - Rurik - reigned in Novgorod, which he founded in 863. After the death of the brothers Sineus and Truvor, he united the entire north and north-west of the East Slavic and Finno-Ugric lands under his rule. After the death of Rurik, Prince Oleg in 882 united two state centers - Novgorod and Kyiv. Oleg continued to unite other East Slavic lands, freeing them from tribute to foreigners; he gave the princely power great authority and international prestige. At this time, Rus' was not inferior in territory to the Frankish or Byzantine Empire. But many lands were sparsely populated and unsuitable for life. The difference in the development of different parts of the state was great. Even then Rus' was multinational.

Igor, the son of Rurik, continued the unification of the East Slavic tribes. The coals were included in Rus'. At this time, the official name of Rus' appears - the Russian land.

The dependence of territories and population on the Grand Duke was expressed by tribute. This was one of the signs of the state and meant the end of tribal life. But the Slavs were against this dependence and more than once raised uprisings against the Grand Duke. The process of collecting tribute from the princely squad was called polyud. The tribute was not precisely defined, it was taken approximately. During such a polyudya in 945 in the land of the Drevlyans, Prince Igor was killed.

The Drevlyans separated from Kyiv and stopped paying tribute. However, Princess Olga, Igor's wife, after the defeat of the Drevlyans again imposed a heavy tribute on them. The unity of the state was restored. Then Olga carried out reforms, during which a fixed amount of tribute was established. The places where the locals were supposed to bring tribute (graveyards) were determined. From there, representatives of the princely authorities sent her to Kyiv. This was the end of polyudya and the beginning of an organized system of taxation.

The son of Igor and Olga, Svyatoslav, continued the unification of the East Slavic tribes. Under him, the Vyatichi principality became part of Russia. Svyatoslav also continued to strengthen the management system. He was the first to send his sons as governors to the most important Russian lands.

Svyatoslav's son Vladimir continued his father's policy of uniting the lands and strengthening the country's governance system. He protected the southern borders from the Pechenegs by building fortresses. In these fortresses, Vladimir attracted brave and experienced warriors from all over Rus' - heroes.

In 1019, the reign of Yaroslav, the son of Vladimir, begins. He continued to strengthen the system of government of the country. He sent his sons to large cities and lands, demanded their unquestioning obedience, and he himself became an "autocrat". Yaroslav introduced the first written set of laws of Rus' - "Russian Truth", which contained issues of public order. At the end of his reign, Yaroslav bequeathed the transfer of grand ducal power in Rus' according to seniority in the family.

4. The adoption of Christianity and the baptism of Russia

The adoption of Christianity in 988 became one of the main state transformations of Prince Vladimir. By this time, Christianity was already known in Russia. There were many Christians among boyars, merchants, townspeople. Statesmen also became Christians more than once. However, the influence of paganism in Russia was enormous.

Reasons for the Baptism of Russia:

1) the interests of the developing state demanded the rejection of polytheism and the introduction of a monotheistic religion: a single state, one prince, one god;

2) it was necessary for international relations - almost all of Europe converted to Christianity, and it was not profitable for Russia to remain a pagan land;

3) Christianity preached a humane attitude towards people, strengthened the family;

4) Christianity could contribute to the development of culture, writing, spiritual life of the country;

5) changes in society (the appearance of inequality) required a new ideology.

Prince Vladimir chose Byzantine Orthodox Christianity among all monotheistic religions because of close trade and political ties with one of the centers of world civilization at that time - Constantinople.

The significance of the baptism of Russia is great. Christianity contributed to the development of literacy, culture, book business, strengthening and expanding ties with Byzantium. The church contributed to the development of the country's economy on the land holdings of the monasteries. Christianity accustomed people to tolerance, humanism, respect for parents, children, and mothers. The Church contributed to the strengthening of the unity of Russia.

However, the church persecuted pagan culture, condemned Roman-style Christianity, which made it difficult to communicate with the countries of Western Europe. Some church leaders participated in political intrigues. In church farms, forced labor was used. Many monasteries and church ministers robbed the inhabitants. All this caused dissatisfaction among the people.

5. Money and their role in Kievan Rus

In the Old Russian state, there were practically no own coins. As a means of exchange, money existed among the Eastern Slavs long before the formation of the Old Russian state. In ancient times, the South Slavs used cattle as money in exchange. In the north, the population was engaged in hunting and the money was the fur of valuable animals. Trade relations in Russia appeared due to the high level of development of crafts, cattle breeding, agriculture, and the construction of cities. The national economy of Kievan Rus was deeply natural and trade did not yet occupy a significant place in it, barter in kind was widespread. Foreign trade was much more developed. Russian merchants traded with Byzantium, Scandinavia, Central Europe, Central Asia, Arab countries.

In foreign trade, Kievan Rus used Byzantine and Arab coins made of gold and silver, and almost no money was minted in Russia. Coins were minted from imported raw materials, since for centuries it was believed that there were no deposits of precious metals in Russia.

Already in the XI century. credit relations were well developed in Kievan Rus.

The largest monetary unit was the Novgorod hryvnia. There were also Kuns and Nogaty - not of Novgorod origin.

Functions of money in ancient Russia:

1) money was the equivalent of exchange;

2) money served as fines for misdeeds and crimes;

3) money was a measure of wealth, like property.

It is not known whether such a function of money as a store of value existed, since it was difficult to quickly turn money into a commodity due to the presence of trade only in large cities and the rarity of fairs.

At the end of the X century. under Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, the first Russian coins appeared - "zlatniks" and "srebreniki", but their release did not last long due to low trading needs - no more than 30 years, until the beginning of the XNUMXth century. Further, for more than three centuries, coinage in Rus' did not resume. A high degree of development of monetary circulation could only be achieved for a long time. Money circulation existed primarily in the most developed cities. The collection of tribute, taxes, the accumulation of precious metals from the feudal lords also testify to the presence of money circulation.

Authors: Eliseeva E.L., Ronshina N.I.

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