English for doctors. The digestive system: liver and stomach. Sources of energy (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

English for doctors. The digestive system: liver and stomach. Sources of energy (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

46. The digestive system: liver and stomach. Sources of energy

Liver, the pancreas and the kidneys are the organs primarily engaged in the intermediary metabolism of the materials resorbed from the gasro-intestinal tract and in the excretion of metabolic waste products. Of these 3 organs the liver performs the most diverse functions. It acts as the receiving depot and distributing center for the majority of the products of intestinal digestion and plays a major role in the intermediary metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and purines.

It controls the concentration of cholesterol esters in the blood and utilizes the sterol in the formation of bile acid. The liver takes in the regulation of the blood volume and in water metabolism and distribution. Its secretion, the bile, is necessary for fat digestion.

The liver is a site for the formation of the proteins of the blood plasma, especially for fibrinogen, and also forms he-parin, also forms heparin, carbohydrate which prevents the clotting of the blood. It has important detoxicating functions and guards the organism against toxins of in testinal origin as well as other harmful substances. The liver in its detoxi-cating functions and manifold metabolic activities may well be reserved for the most important gland of the body.

The normal position of the empty human stomach is not hori zontal, as used to be thought before the development of x-ray. This method of examination has revealed the stomach to be either somewhat J-shaped of comparable in outline to a reversed L. The majority of normal stomachs are J-shaped. In the J-shaped type the pylorus lies at a higher level than the lowest part of the greater curvature and the body of the stomach is nearly vertical.

The stomach docs not empty itself by gravity, but through the contraction of its muscular wall like any other part of the digest tive tube, of which it is merely a segment.

gastric motility shows great individual variation; in some types of stomach the wave travels very rapidly, completing its journey in from 10 to 15 seconds. In others the wave takes 30 seconds or go to pass from its origin to the pylorus. The slow waves are the more common.

Sources of energy

The fuels of the body are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These are taken in the diet.

Carbohydrates are the principal source of energy in most diets. They are absorbed into the blood stream in the form of glucose. Glucose not needed for immediate use is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver. When the blood sugar concentration goes down, the liver reconverts some of its stored glycogen into glucose.

Pats make up the second largest source of energy in most diets. They are stored in adipose tissue and round the principal internal organs. If excess carbohydrate is taken in, this can be converted into fat and stored. The stored fat is utilized when the liver is empty of glycogen.

Proteins are essential for the growth and rebuilding of tissue, but they can also be utilized as a source of energy. In some diets, such as the diet of the Eskimo, they form the main source of energy. Proteins are first broken down into amino acids. Then they are absorbed into the blood and pass round the body. Amino acids not used by the body are eventually excreted in the urine in the form of urea. Proteins, unlike-car-bohydrates and fats, cannot be stored for future use.

new words

fuels - fuel

principal source - main source

energy - energy

glucose - glucose

glycogen - glycogen

stored - stored

adipose - animal fat

amino acids - amino acids

Author: Elena Belikova

<< Back: The digestive system: the function

>> Forward: The urinary system: embryogenesis

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Database. Lecture notes

▪ Quality control. Crib

▪ Faculty Therapy. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Real-time sequencing 28.07.2016

Scientists from the University of Nottingham (England), led by Dr. Matt Loose (Matt Loose), together with Oxford Nanopore Technologies, have developed a compact device that can decipher the desired sections of DNA "on order", in real time.

The handheld device, called MinION, is based on nanopore sequencing. Its essence is as follows: long organic molecules (for example, DNA) pass through the pores in the membrane, to which an electrical voltage is applied. In this case, the ion current through the pore changes depending on which part of the molecule passes through the pore - for example, which nucleotide. By registering these changes (special software does this in MinION), it is possible to decipher (sequence) the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

The breakthrough achievements of British scientists is that the device they created is, firstly, compact and (relatively) easy to use, and secondly, it works in real time. The latter was achieved by accelerating the movement and processing of information inside the device. Thanks to this, it became possible to identify a section of DNA even before it completely passes through the pore. After identification, the system compares the section being processed with the one that needs to be decrypted, and gives the command to continue doing this or skip this section and immediately go to the next one (with which the same procedure will be repeated). This technology is called "Read Until".

There is little doubt that MinION can significantly accelerate research in various fields of biology and medicine. "Applying this approach to a wide range of problems, from pathogen detection to sequencing of target regions of the human genome, is a matter of the near future," said Dr. Luz.

Other interesting news:

▪ BlueNRG-1 is a new single-chip Bluetooth Low Energy solution

▪ High sensitivity 20 MP image sensor from Toshiba

▪ Dimmable LED drivers Mean Well ODLC-45/65

▪ The internet can help you lose weight

▪ Sad music improves mood

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Note to the student. Article selection

▪ article Penitent Magdalene. Popular expression

▪ article Does your hair turn gray from fear? Detailed answer

▪ article Finisher of wood products, engaged in the application of paints and varnishes by dipping. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article A melodious bell from a wrist watch. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Burnt map. Focus secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews