English for doctors. Blood. Formed elements of the blood. Leukocytes (most important)

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English for doctors. Blood. Formed elements of the blood. Leukocytes (most important)

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19. Blood. Formed elements of the blood. Leukocytes

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are primarily with the cellular and humoral defense of the organism foreign materials. Leukocytes are classified as granulocytes (neutrophils, eos-inophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lympmonocytes).

Granulocytes are named according to the staining properties of their specific granules. Neutrophils sare 10-16 mm in diameter.

They have 3-5 nuclear lobes and contain azurophilic granules (lysosomes), which contain hydrolytic enzymes for bacterial destruction, in their cytoplasm. Neutrophils are phagocytes that are drawn (chemotaxis) to bacterial che-moattractants. They are the primary cells involved in the acute inflammatory response and represent 54-62% of leukocytes.

Eosinophils: they have a bilobed nucleus and possess acid granulations in their cytoplasm. These granules contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase, which are discharged into phagocytic vacuoles.

Eosinophils are more numerous in the blood during allergic diseases; they norma asent only - 3% of leukocytes.

Basophils: they possess large spheroid granules, which are basophilic and metachromatic.

Basophils degranulate in certain immune reaction, releasing heparin and histamine into their surroundings. They also release additional vasoactive amines and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A) consisting of leu-kotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4. They represent less than 1% - of leukocytes.

Agranulocytes are named according to their lack of specific granules. Lymphocytes are generally small cells measuring 7-10 mm in diameter and constitute 25-33% of leukocytes. They contain circular dark-stained nuclei and scanty clear blue cytoplasm. Circulating lymphocytes enter the blood from the lymphatic tissues. Two principal types of immunocompetent lymphocytes can be identified T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes.

T cells differentiate in the thymus and then circulate in the peripheral blood, where they are the principal effec tors of cell-mediated immunity. They also function as helper and suppressor cells, by modulating the immune response through their effect on B cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and other T Cells.

In cells differentiate in bone marrow. Once activated by contact with an antigen, they differentiate into plasma cells, which synthesize antibodies that are secreted into the blood, intercellular fluid, and lymph. The lymphocytes also give rise to memory cells, which differentiate into plasma cells only after the second exposure to the antigen. Monocytes vary in diameter from 15-18 mm and are the largest of the peripheral blood cells. They constitute 3-7% of leukocytes.

Monocytes possess an eccentric nucleus. The cytoplasm has a ground-glass appearance and fine azurophilic granules.

Monocytes are the precursors for members of the mononuclear phagocyte system, including tissue macropha-ges (histiocytes), osteoclasts, alveolar macrophages, and Kupffer cells of the liver.

new words

mesodermal - mesodermal

erythrocytes - erythrocytes

leukocytes - leukocytes

fibrous proteins - fibrous proteins

immune - immune

humoral - humoral

to contain - contain

nuclei - nuclei

Author: Elena Belikova

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Many people love dogs so much that sometimes they even talk about them as children. To some, such a comparison will seem strange and reprehensible - how can you put an animal, even an exceptional smart, sweet and kind, and your child on the same board? However, at the level of brain biochemistry, this is true: emotional attachment, whether to dogs or children, is reinforced by the same hormonal response.

Takefumi Kikusui and his laboratory at Azabu University have been studying the hormone oxytocin, which is synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported throughout the body with blood, for quite some time. It is sometimes called the "hormone of love", although it would be more accurate to speak of it as the "hormone of social bonds." When we communicate harmoniously with another person, when our relationship is built on respect, emotional attachment, trust, altruism, this can be seen in the amount of oxytocin - apparently due to the fact that it interacts with neural networks that process social information and emotions.

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The researchers came up with the idea that our "interspecies" relationships with pets are reinforced by the same neurochemical mechanisms. The experiment involved several dozen volunteers who kept dogs or wolves. Urine was taken from the owners and their pets for analysis, and then they were taken to a room where a person and an animal could communicate with each other for half an hour, which, in addition to games, also meant a face-to-face conversation. (Wolves, however, avoid direct eye contact, even with those they know from a very young age.) The oxytocin test was repeated after the session.

It turned out that 30-minute contact with a pet raised the level of the hormone in both humans and animals: in dogs it increased by 130%, in humans (regardless of gender) by 300%. Moreover, the "oxytocin explosion" very much depended on the duration of mutual eye-to-eye gaze: the longer a person and a dog looked into each other's eyes, the more hormone they had. If they looked at each other a little, then the level of oxytocin hardly changed - just like the owners of wolves.

The opposite experiment was also made: before the game session, the dogs received a portion of oxytocin spray through the nose (the wolves no longer participated in this, since no one could tell how they would react if something was sprayed into their noses). In an article in Science, the authors write that “girl” dogs after hormonal doping looked at their owner more often and longer - in general, the duration of eye contact increased by 150%. But the "boy" dogs did not react in any way to the oxytocin spray. Perhaps this gender difference is due to the fact that oxytocin generally plays a big role in females - after all, it is also needed during childbirth and during milk production.

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