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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of culture. Contemporary culture (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 6. Modern culture 1. Features of modern culture The appearance of modern culture differs markedly from other eras of its development. Part of the world's population remains adherents of traditional cultures, there are tribes where cultural development is at a primitive stage, but still a huge proportion of the population is adherents of modern culture. The development of the media and mass communication has significantly influenced the structure of modern culture. The life of a modern person cannot be seen without such scientific inventions as the telephone, computer, Internet, television, etc. Science is moving forward with great strides, thereby giving a person the opportunity to master an ever greater stock of knowledge. As a result, culture becomes public. Since the middle of the XX century. a new form of culture emerges Mass culture, intended for a large audience. It is constantly changing in order to satisfy the needs of most people, i.e. mass culture directly depends on the market, fashion and relevance at the moment. Let's consider some types of arts and see how they have been transformed in the modern world. Music plays an important role in the life of a modern person. Now it's not just classical music. A huge number of genres and directions have appeared, it is very difficult to keep track of the changes. The new pop music emerged, separating from traditional music, with the advent of rock and roll in the 50s XX century The largest rock and roll performers, thanks to whom he gained his fame, are Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Bill Haley, David Bowie, Charles Bury, etc. One of the most famous rock bands of the 60s. XX century became the Beatles. This Fab Four (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Star, George Harrison) had a huge influence not only on their generation, but also on those following. They became the trendsetters of new fashion and lifestyle. An important stage in the development of modern musical art is the emergence of the movement "new wave", which included pop and rock music. The basis of the "new wave" was punk rock, distinguished by its sound, uncensored text, and defiant appearance of the performers. The most famous and significant representatives of this movement are Iggy Pop, the Sex Pistols, Exploited, The Clash and others. He came out of punk rock Hard rock and others. For the generation of the 90s of the XX century. the rock band Nirvana had a huge influence. The founder of the group, Kurt Cobain, with his anarchist ideas of the destruction of all foundations, became the idol of a whole generation. Modern music is mainly built on electronic sound, dance dynamism. An important feature of modern musical culture is the fact that not only the music itself is of great importance, but also the image of its performer, his image. As a result, the appearance in the 80s of the XX century. video clips as a video interpretation of the song. Very often it is the video clip that determines the popularity of a musical composition. At the same time, a new kind of dance is being created - variety dance. It can act both as a design for performing a song on stage, and as an independent work. Visual arts, like music, did not stand still. In the modern world, culture is of a mass industrial and commercial nature, therefore a huge role is given to advertising as a means of popularizing works of art and increasing demand for them. The reaction of painting to this was the emergence of a new artistic direction - pop Art. Pop art originated in the 50s of the XX century. in the USA and UK. One of the main themes of this movement is the depiction of everyday objects in various combinations. The American artist is rightfully considered one of the leaders of pop art. Andy Warhol (1928-1987). In addition, E. Warhol is known as a master of experimental cinema. In his art, he masterfully mixes the principles of mass art with elite and avant-garde art. The range of cinema has also expanded markedly, largely due to scientific and technological progress, as directors have more and more new methods of creating films. New direction - soap opera - serial film. In particular, in the XX century. originated in the USA soap opera - a sentimental series (less often a film) about love, problems in family relationships, etc. Initially, the soap opera was intended for housewives whose husbands serve in the army to brighten up their everyday life. With the development of technology and the media, a new kind of culture has emerged - information culture. Information culture consists in a person’s ability to work with a large amount of information, using computer information technology and other modern means of obtaining and processing information. In terms of the development of information culture, the leading position is occupied by countries such as the USA, Japan, Germany, France, and Great Britain. 2. Problems of culture of the late XX - early XXI century So, we have seen that modern culture differs markedly from previous cultural epochs. And first of all, this is a consequence of the development of information technologies, which have nurtured a mass culture intended for the majority. An important feature of modern art is that it is very multifaceted, a modern creative person is provided with huge opportunities for his self-expression: traditional methods and technologies in art are being improved, new technological means are emerging. But what does the modern cultural image of humanity actually look like? It turns out that despite all the opportunities provided for its improvement, it sometimes looks very primitive. Maybe the Russian literary critic was right Yuri Mikhailovich Lotman (1922-1994), who believed that “culture begins with prohibitions.” After all, if you trace the history of culture, then it was the masters of art, who worked secretly, in disgrace, who created real masterpieces. Polish writer Stanislaw Jerzy Lem, wrote about mass culture: “The reader should be mass, not art.” Today, mass culture must satisfy the momentary needs of people. In most cases, people do not demand a high level of art, but entertainment and fun in art. The figures of such a "culture" are based in their work on the unconscious interest of people (archetypes) to violence, eroticism, etc. Television plays a huge role here. According to Ann Landers, “television does not broadcast violence,” it “produces” it. Of course, television is a source of information, but for the most part this information is aimed not at human development, but at satisfying his needs. “The more you watch TV, the lower your level of intelligence” - you can argue with this, but if you look closely at the problem, it turns out that you were right Georges: Elgozy, when he said that there are “two of the greatest inventions in history: printing, which put us in front of books, and television, which took us away from them.” Television largely discourages people from thinking. In modern television there has been a tendency to move from quality to quantity. This is a huge problem in modern culture. After all, it turns out that television is filled not with what is truly art, but with what brings profit and success. Take the art of cinema, for example, which does not inspire much hope. Modern cinema is divided into two categories: 1. Mass cinema, the purpose of which is to satisfy the mass primitive needs. People silently consume what is imposed on them. 2. The so-called "other cinema", more creative, intellectual, author's, often commercially less profitable than mass cinema. C. Ponti said on this occasion a wonderful phrase: "If the film is successful, it is business. If the film is not successful, it is art." It is worth remembering the words of the Russian writer Boris Pasternak (1890-1960): The goal of creativity is dedication, // Not hype, not success. // It’s shameful, meaning nothing, // To be a byword on everyone’s lips. These words are as relevant today as ever. It is worth looking at the current idols: now the cult of success and wealth, the possession of money and things is progressing, material wealth is becoming much more important than spiritual wealth. Author: Dorohova M.A. << Back: Relationships between cultures (Causes of cultural differences. Communications and mutual influence of cultures)
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