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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
История культуры. Религия и культура (конспект лекций)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 4. Religion and culture 1. Paganism as a phenomenon of cultural history What is paganism? A clear word "paganism" has a very vague meaning. The term has Church Slavonic roots (from the word "yazypi" - "foreigners") and appeared in the era of Kievan Rus after the adoption of Christianity. The introduction of this term made it possible to divide the development of religious views in Russia into two stages: before the adoption of Christianity (pagan beliefs) and after the adoption of Christianity. But there is also a broader, global definition of paganism, according to which paganism is a system of ideas, beliefs, rituals, views of people that existed before the adoption of world religions. World religions include Christianity, Islam and Buddhism. Paganism served as the basis for these beliefs. It is hard to imagine how broad the concept of paganism is. Firstly, it is very diverse: here are the beliefs of primitive tribes, and ancient religious beliefs, and the religion of the ancient Slavs, etc. Secondly, there was an unlimited number of phenomena, objects with which certain religious ideas were associated. paganism includes fetishism - belief in the supernatural abilities of any objects (worship of stones, trees, etc.), animism - belief in the existence of the soul, as well as spirits (human features were attributed to various phenomena), totemism - belief in the kinship of man and animals (worship of animals and plants), etc. What are the roots of paganism, why did the ancient man need to look for objects of worship and reverence? The thing is that throughout its history a person is constantly developing, he has more and more new activities (hunting, fishing, farming, etc.). These occupations required new knowledge and skills, but the ancient man, who understood the laws of nature in a very primitive way, could not explain them without giving them some kind of supernatural beginning. The stock of knowledge accumulated by him was so small that even very obvious phenomena today, the ancient man attributed some kind of divine essence. The farmers prayed in the sun and rain, believing that they were commanded by forces from above. Hunters were worried about such phenomena as the wind and the presence of stars in the sky, they were characterized by a fetishism regarding tools for obtaining food. That is, people doing different things estimated the phenomena of nature in different ways, creating different objects for themselves to honor. Here it is worth noting such an important quality of the pagans as tolerance towards each other. People believed in their gods and in strangers. The gradual development of relations between ancient people leads to the formation of statehood. There is a union of all gods and beliefs, a pantheon of gods appears. Now paganism is not only an assistant to the ancient man, not only helps to explain the world around him and make it closer and more understandable. With the advent of statehood, paganism becomes an important political factor. Firstly, because the common views and beliefs of people are an important component in the matter of uniting them to create a single state. Secondly, paganism often acted as a kind of justifying factor for the rulers of states, since in many countries religious views endowed the rulers with the authority of the gods. A striking example is Ancient Egypt, where the pharaoh was considered the son of a god. Such a judgment endowed the pharaoh with almost unlimited power. That is, religion significantly strengthened the position of the rulers. Throughout the history of mankind, views and beliefs have changed, one religion has replaced another, while the relationship between the state and religion has also changed. It is worth noting that it was during the times of pagan beliefs that the state power acted as the center of religion, which in a noticeable way, due to the importance of religion for ancient people, affected the authority of the state. Gradually, paganism begins to become obsolete, and new religions come to replace it. But interest in his study does not disappear. First, it is impossible, when studying history, to dismiss the religious views of people of various epochs as an important component of the historical development of man. Secondly, paganism did not disappear without a trace, it greatly influenced the religions that replaced it and continues to be traced in many customs and views of people, in the cultural monuments they create. 2. Major religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity Religion (from Latin religio - "shrine", "piety") - a system of views and attitudes of a person, which largely determines his behavior, is based on belief in the supernatural (gods, spirits, etc.). Religion allows a person to build a generalized picture of the world, to orient his behavior. From the point of view of historical development, three stages of religious development are distinguished: 1) tribal religions (various pagan religions); 2) national-state religions (Confucianism, Brahminism, Judaism, etc.); 3) world religions. World religions include Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. We will dwell on them in more detail. Buddhism Buddhism - the oldest of the world religions, which arose in the VI-V centuries. in ancient India. Founder of Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama (later Buddha). There are two main branches of Buddhism: 1) southern (hinayana); 2) northern (Mahayana). An important feature of Buddhism is its ethical and practical orientation. It is based on the internal manifestations of a person's religious life, but not on external ones, such as the ritualism inherent in many religions, there is no church organization, institutions. There is only a rule that it is necessary to keep three Jewels (triratna). These include Buddha, Dharma - the primary element of existence, Sangha - the monastic community. According to Buddhism, there is an omniscient being - Buddha - enlightenment, he discovered the law - Dharma, which determines all the laws by which world processes are carried out. To store this knowledge and laws, to transmit them, societies for equals are formed - sanghas. The main problem for Buddhism is the problem of the existence of a person as an accumulation of "changeable" forms. Personality in the representation of Buddhism consists of five elements: corporality, desire, sensation, knowledge and representation. The core of Buddhism is the "Four Noble Truths". 1. Existence (birth, aging, death) is suffering (duhkha). 2. All suffering due to the thirst for sensual pleasures, passion. 3. Liberation from suffering in the destruction of desires, for this it is necessary to go through the middle path (eightfold). 4. Eightfold way of avoiding extremes, includes constant reflection, reflection, meditation to come to a state of absolute peace - nirvana. Most of the texts of Buddhism are collected in the essay "Tripitaka" ("Three Baskets"), which appeared in the 5th century. BC e. The final version of the canonical work appeared in the 3rd century. BC e. Buddhism did not remain in the territory of one state. The scope of its distribution is huge, all over the globe, therefore its influence on people's lives, on its components such as politics, economics, culture, etc. is great. Христианство Appeared in the 988st century. n. e. among the Jews of Palestine. Already in the IV century. became the state religion of the Roman Empire. In 989-XNUMX. the Baptism of Russia took place under the influence of Byzantium, and by the XIII century. Christianity became the state religion in all European countries. Christianity has three branches. 1. Orthodoxy - the oldest direction, arose in 395 during the division of the Roman Empire into Western and Eastern. 2. Католицизм, separated from Orthodoxy in 1054-1204, differs from Orthodoxy by adding the filioque to the symbols of faith (the origin of the Holy Spirit not only from God the Father, but also from the Son). 3. ProtestantismIn XVI in. separated from Catholicism, differs in a more simplified cult, rejection of the church hierarchy, recognizes only two sacraments: baptism and communion. Christianity is based on faith in Jesus Christ, the Savior. The main dogma of Christianity is the Trinity, according to which God is one, but exists in three hypostases: God the Father (the Beginning without Beginning), God the Son (the Word, the semantic and shaping Beginning) and the Holy Spirit (the life-giving Beginning). The content of Christianity is conveyed in Holy Tradition, the most important parts of which are the Holy Scripture, which includes the Bible and the Creed. According to Christian anthropology, mystical dignity refers not only to the spirit of man, but also to his physical body. Therefore, in the Christian doctrine of immortality, we are talking not only about the immortality of the soul, but also about the rebirth of the body. In this, many observe sharp contradictions with many other concepts in Christianity. After all, it is precisely in the fall - the first act of disobedience - that the bodily component is to blame. Of great importance for Christianity is sinfulness, the recognition of one's guilt. No wonder most of the saints recognized themselves as great sinners. Here we can draw a parallel with Buddhism, since it is in suffering that Christianity sees a way to atone for sins, and the highest goal of a person is eternal bliss (in Buddhism - nirvana). But at the same time, if a Buddhist goes to his nirvana through meditation and reflection, stoically silently, then a Christian must "accept his cross" and suffer not only for himself, but also for others. Once Christ came to people to atone for their sins, now a person must ascend to God. The spread of Christianity is enormous, today there are more than one billion Christians. Islam It originated in Arabia in the XNUMXth century, therefore it is the youngest world religion. The founder was the prophet Muhammad. The basic principles of Islam are set forth in the Koran - the holy book of Muslims (VII-VIII centuries). Islam has two main currents. 1. Sunnism. Along with the Koran, the Muslim sacred tradition recognizes - Sunna (VII-XI centuries). 2. Shiism. Unlike Sunniism, it does not recognize Sunni caliphs; it only recognizes the Alids. The main dogma of Muslims is the worship of one god - Allah. Mohammed, who is the messenger of Allah, is very revered among Muslims. Like Christianity, Islam believes in the immortality of the soul. Muslims also believe in an afterlife. It is very important for Muslims islamic columns. These are five instructions that Muslims must follow. These include. 1. Shahada - belief in one god - Allah, veneration of his messenger Muhammad. 2. Salad - one of the main Islamic rituals, consisting in five daily prayers. 3. Sauna - fasting during the month of Ramadan (Ramazan) of the Muslim lunar Hijri year. 4. Sunset - charity to the poor. 5. Hajj. At least once in your life you need to make a pilgrimage to the main religious center of Islam - to Mecca, to the Kaaba temple. Islam is characterized by a very strict monotheism (the idea of a single god). Allah is omnipotent, terrible and incomprehensible. And the whole human world is a sign of the God of Allah, which indicates his power. The difference between Islam and other world religions is that a person cannot ascend to God, cannot fully comprehend all his secrets, but at the same time he is obliged to believe in these secrets. Islam is not tolerant of other religions and worldviews. One of the basic precepts of Islam is jihad (war for faith), according to which it is necessary to spread Islam, even waging a "holy war" against adherents of other faiths. Islam is a very influential religion; if the importance of other religions in the modern world fades into the background, then in the Muslim world the influence of religious views on the life and culture of supporters of Islam is enormous. Today there are about 900 million adherents of Islam. Islam mainly covers the countries of the East. 3. Significance of religion in the history of culture Studying the history of the development of world culture, the factors that influenced this development, the fact becomes indisputable that the significance of religion in the history of culture is enormous. At the first stage of human development, phenomena and objects, human occupations created the first religion. Ancient man worshiped the tools of labor, thanks to which he survived. (fetishism), believed in the divine origin of natural phenomena (rain, wind, sun, etc.) (animism). That is, it was the culture of ancient people that influenced the development of religion. Then everything began to change. This is due to the transition from pagan, tribal beliefs to national, state, and then to world religions, since now it was religion that largely determined the development of human culture. Let's turn to art. For a long time, cultural monuments were mainly of a religious nature. Since the time of primitive society, the ancient world, etc., there has been a tendency in architecture to build temples and other religious buildings. The cult of the afterlife in ancient Egypt determined the direction in architecture, where all the forces and means were given to the construction of pyramids, mortuary temples. Antique culture, with its monuments of architecture, painting, literature, etc., is a clear example of religious influence. And on these cultures, in turn, the culture of subsequent generations is based. There are cases in the history of culture when religion was not a source of cultural development, but, on the contrary, it restrained this development. An example of this is the era of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Of course, one should not forget about the monuments of architecture and painting, which have replenished the world's cultural baggage. But at the same time, the influence of the church sometimes went beyond the boundaries of the normal mutual influence of culture and religion. An example is the medieval Inquisition, when any free-thinking was severely punished. And how can a person create if he is not given freedom? Religion negatively influenced the development of not only the arts, but also the sciences. The Church could not allow the existence of scientific statements that would contradict her doctrines. Many great minds of the Middle Ages became victims of the Inquisition (Italian physicist, mechanic and astronomer Galileo Galilee, Spanish thinker and physician Miguel Sereet and etc.). By the beginning of the New Age, the negative influence of the church had noticeably weakened. The Age of Enlightenment had a special influence on the secularization of culture. Atheistic tendencies began to develop. But, despite the weakening of the influence of religion on culture in comparison with the early stages of development, even today this influence is noticeable and significant. A religious imprint is present in many works of art: from painting and architecture to cinema and music, since it is religion that is very often the determining factor in the development of a person's worldview, in his ideas about the world around him. Author: Dorohova M.A. << Back: Russian culture (The culture of the ancient Slavs. Kievan Rus and the era of feudal fragmentation. The culture of Muscovite Rus'. Russian culture of the 17th-18th centuries. The cultural appearance of Russia in the 19th century) >> Forward: Relationships between cultures (Causes of cultural differences. Communications and mutual influence of cultures)
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