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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
History of culture. Relationships between cultures (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE No. 5. The relationship of cultures 1. Causes of cultural differences Studies of the cultures of different countries point to the fact that they have both similarities and differences. The national culture of one country differs from the national culture of another country, and at the same time they are included in the general concept - world culture. And on a global scale, it is very important to have such a concept as cultural universals. What is it? Cultural universals include those norms, rules, cultural values, traditions, etc. that are common to all cultures in the world. Cultural universals do not depend either on the historical moment, or on the geographical location, or even on the social structure. Different scientists count different numbers of cultural universals, there are about seventy of them. These are cooking, age gradation, calendar, family, holidays, music, number, person’s name, etc. Many thinkers see the reason for the existence of such universals in biological circumstances, such as the human need for food, the existence of two sexes, the need for warmth, the presence of age-related differences, etc. But despite the fact that these cultural universals are inherent in everyone, they can also be different for different cultures. For example, different names are common in different countries, what is eaten in one country will never be eaten in another, clothes and jewelry in some countries differ from clothes and jewelry in other countries, etc. There are many factors that explain such differences in the cultures of many countries. One of the most important factors is geographical position. A striking example is the East-West cultural boundary. If we compare the countries of the West and the East in the ancient world, then there are not very many such differences in cultures; basically, development went in the same directions. Many scientists believe that the similarities in the cultures of the ancient East and the ancient world are only accidental. The evidence for this is further cultural divergence. Gradually, various forms of state power, social structures in society, and religious beliefs developed. An important factor is the role of a person in relation to the state and religion. In the East, very often there was a contrast between a strong and powerful ruler, state power and a weak and submissive person. In the West, the development went in the direction of democratic relations, the government did not suppress the individual. The same is true for religious views. In Europe, adherents of Christianity predominate, in many eastern countries Islam is the state religion. And if in Christianity God descends to man, and man ascends to God, then in Islam there is always a boundary between God and man, God is strong and mighty, and man will never understand all his secrets and laws, it remains only to believe in them. Do not forget that cultural differences are also found on the territory of one country in the same historical period. Indeed, along with dominant culture always is subculture and even counterculture, which are completely opposite to the majority culture. This often depends on age differences (the culture of young people differs from the culture of older people), on differences in the professional employment of people, urban culture differs from rural culture, etc. The existence of such cultural opposites does not have a negative impact on the development of culture, but on the contrary, it occurs its comprehensive development, freer and more comprehensive. 2. Communication and mutual influence of cultures An important factor in the formation of, say, a national culture is the influence of other cultures on it. This process is not easy, almost imperceptible, but it has existed throughout the history of culture. In ancient times, the mutual influence of cultures was very weak. After all, there were no means of communication. The sources of such mutual influence were the migration of peoples, nomadic tribes, the conquest of new lands by powerful empires, etc. These phenomena transferred signs of one culture from one territory to others, sometimes slightly affecting the original culture, and sometimes changing it radically. An example of this is the Roman Empire. As a result of the conquests by the II century. n. e., during the reign of the emperor Trajan (53-117), the empire has reached its maximum borders. It includes Greece, Dacia, Mesopotamia, Greater Armenia, Arabia, etc. Of course, the culture of Ancient Rome significantly influenced the cultures of the conquered states. But it is worth noting that this process did not go in one direction: the culture of the states that became provinces of Rome influenced Roman culture, which absorbed all the best and most advanced. Civilization developed, more and more reasons for cultural communications appeared: trade, development of new lands, great geographical discoveries, travel, etc. So, in 988, under the influence of Byzantium, Christianity was adopted in Russia, later Byzantine masters (architects, painters , artisans, etc.) shared their experience with Russian craftsmen. The result of this penetration of culture is the magnificent architectural monuments of Kievan Rus (temples, churches, monasteries, etc.), which, as a result of development, have acquired a peculiar and inimitable national connotation. In the modern world, communicative cultural communication has acquired a huge scale as a result of scientific and technological progress. The emergence of such means of communication as telephone, television, the Internet, etc., has changed the picture of the world. On the one hand, there is a huge plus - cultural achievements in one country immediately become the property of other countries, cultural boundaries have become very blurred, one does not have to wait for years to absorb what was achieved in another country in order to share skills, and national culture becomes the property of all mankind. On the other hand, there is also a minus - originality and originality in culture disappear, everything accumulated is lost in the pursuit of leading countries, the development of culture is not comprehensive, but along a strictly defined path depending on the wishes of the market, and this is not always a high bar. Author: Dorohova M.A. << Back: Religion and culture (Paganism as a phenomenon of cultural history. Main religions: Buddhism, Islam, Christianity. The importance of religion in the history of culture) >> Forward: Modern culture (Features of modern culture. Problems of culture of the late XX - early XXI centuries)
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