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ST25R3916 13,56MHz Universal NFC/RFID Reader

22.02.2019

STMicroelectronics releases a new high-performance RFID reader chip ST25R3916, which allows you to create devices "all-in-one".

The new reader supports all NFC specifications, can act as a card (Card Emulation), establish a P2P connection (two-way exchange) and be used in battery devices, thanks to low consumption modes. A long reading range is provided by an increased output power of up to 1.6 W and a built-in mechanism for adjusting the antenna to changing external conditions. To implement the low power mode, the reader can use the built-in RC generator and wake-up timer. A capacitive or inductive sensor allows you to detect the fact of the approach of the mark before turning on the reader field. The new receive path with noise suppression function allows the reader to be used in products with an LCD display, which is often a source of interference.

The microcircuit operates at a supply voltage of 2,4 to 5,5 V. It is available in a 32-pin QFN (5x5 mm) package and has an extended temperature range from -40°C to +125°C. Output power may exceed 1,6W when using an external power regulator.

Features ST25R3916:

ISO 18092 active and passive mode of operation;
NFC-A/B (ISO 14443A/B) reader (including high speed operation);
NFC-F (Felica) reader;
NFC-V (ISO 15693) reader up to 53 kbps;
NFC-A and NFC-F card emulation;
transparent mode of operation of the radio part;
formation of custom protocols (MIFARE classic);
dynamically changing field strength to meet EMVCo limits.

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Ion-sound waves for finding space debris 20.02.2021

An international team of scientists has proposed a new way to detect space debris using ion-sound waves resulting from the movement of debris objects in low Earth orbit.

Space debris is non-functional objects launched by man into space, and their fragments, as well as meteoroids and other non-man-made inactive objects in near-Earth outer space. These objects move in the plasma that surrounds Earth orbit. Since the speed of space debris can reach 10 km/s, even fragments of a few microns in size can cause serious damage to aircraft, especially manned ones. By comparison, the human eye is unable to see particles smaller than 40 microns.

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Since plasma is made up of charged particles, the movement of debris has an effect on it similar to the process of wave formation on water. As a result, ion-acoustic waves are formed - specific waves associated with the oscillation of ions that arise in the plasma. They are compression waves in plasma, which is why they are called acoustic, since sound is also compression waves, but already in air. At a sufficiently high amplitude, they become nonlinear and transform into solitons - structurally stable sound waves that propagate only in a nonlinear medium. A distinctive feature of solitons is that when interacting with each other or with some other perturbations, they do not collapse, but continue to move, keeping their structure unchanged.

For the first time, scientists have calculated the exact parameters of an accelerated soliton that occurs when space debris moves through a plasma using a mathematical model in which the term in the equation responsible for space debris is called the source. It is a charge that creates an electric field. As the debris moves, the source in the equation changes in time and space. This leads to the appearance of accelerated solitons, rather than ordinary solitons, which move at a constant speed.

Knowing exactly how the properties of solitons characteristic of space debris are determined by the position and speed of fragments in the plasma medium, it becomes possible to detect dangerous fragments in near-Earth orbit by the specific solitons they create. Thus, the work of scientists can form the theoretical basis of a fundamentally new method for monitoring the movement of space debris.

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