Hospital therapy. Diagnosis of pneumonia (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Hospital therapy. Diagnosis of pneumonia (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

32. Diagnosis of pneumonia

The most significant for the diagnosis is the presence of a syndrome of inflammatory changes in the lung tissue. This syndrome consists of the following symptoms:

1) lag in breathing of the affected side of the chest;

2) shortening of percussion sound in the area of the projection of the lesion over a greater or lesser extent;

3) increased voice trembling and bronchophony in the same area;

4) change in the nature of breathing (hard, bronchial, weakened, etc.);

5) the appearance of pathological respiratory noises (wet, voiced fine bubbling rales and crepitus).

The nature of breathing can change in different ways. In the initial stage of croupous pneumonia, breathing can be weakened, with an extended exhalation; in the hepatization phase, along with an increase in the dullness of the percussion sound, bronchial breathing is heard; with the resolution of the pneumonic focus with a decrease in percussion dullness, breathing becomes hard.

Symptoms help to make an etiological diagnosis:

1) the detection of a small-spotted, as with rubella, rash in combination with lymphadenopathy is characteristic of adenovirus infection;

2) local enlargement of the lymph nodes indicates perifocal pneumonia;

3) fungal pneumonia combined with lesions of the mucous membranes, skin and nails;

4) hepatolienal syndrome and slight jaundice are found in cornitic and Curickettsial pneumonias;

5) for typical croupous pneumonia, the appearance of the patient is characteristic: a pale face with a feverish blush on the side of the lesion, herpetic eruptions, swelling of the wings of the nose when breathing. The most important method to clarify the presence of pneumonia and the degree of involvement of the lung tissue in the process is large-frame fluorography and X-ray examination of the chest organs.

Bronchography reveals decay cavities in the lung tissue, as well as the presence of bronchiectasis, around which infiltrative changes (perifocal pneumonia) are possible during exacerbation.

Bacteriological examination of sputum (or bronchial washings) before the appointment of antibiotics helps to detect the pathogen and determine its sensitivity to antibiotics.

The severity of the inflammatory process is judged by the severity of acute-phase blood parameters and their dynamics (leukocytosis with a shift in the leukocyte formula, an increase in ESR, an increased content of a2-globulins, fibrinogen, the appearance of SRV, an increase in the level of sialic acids).

With a prolonged course of pneumonia and the development of complications, the immunological reactivity of the body is studied.

<< Back: Pneumonia. Etiology, pathogenesis, classification

>> Forward: Pneumonia treatment

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Bank audit. Crib

▪ General foundations of pedagogy. Lecture notes

▪ Informatics and information technologies. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

The circadian rhythms of the brain change with age 03.01.2016

Many molecular and cellular processes, biochemical reactions are subject to biological clocks, of which the most famous are circadian, or daily. Day and night follow each other in a 24-hour cycle, and many living beings have adapted to this state of affairs. How they work, we all know well: in the morning we wake up, and in the evening we fall asleep - this is the most obvious manifestation of circadian rhythms. Similar things happen with other higher functions of the brain, and with the hormonal system, and with the digestive, and with metabolism, etc. It is believed that all cells and organs have their own biological clocks, which have a certain independence, but they all somehow check their work with the clock in the brain.

However, like other body systems, the biological clock changes over time, that is, in other words, it gets old. For example, with age, a person begins to sleep less, begins to wake up earlier in the morning, and his body temperature, which also obeys daily rhythms, no longer changes day and night as much as in youth. Obviously, some age-related changes relate to genes that control the biological clock, but what these changes are, what exactly happens to circadian genes - especially those that work in the brain - is still little known.

Researchers at the University of Pittsburgh compared brain samples from nearly 40 people who were either no older than 60 or older than 245. Samples were taken only from those who knew the time of death and who did not have neuropsychiatric diseases - neither themselves, nor family members. Neuroscientists were interested in changes in the activity of genes operating in the prefrontal cortex (which is known to be responsible for higher cognitive functions) and showing diurnal changes in activity. There were as many as XNUMX of them; by correlating the level of RNA read from a particular gene, or the protein that it encodes, with the time of death, it was possible to determine its activity, and then, by comparing samples from people of different ages, it was possible to understand how the activity of this gene changed with age.

In younger people, all the classic circadian genes worked with a well-defined rhythm, but over time, in many of them, the rhythm smoothed out, that is, at different times of the day they began to work the same way. But at the same time, in the functioning of some genes that previously did not depend on the time of day, daily changes suddenly appeared. In other words, it is not worth saying that the genetic activity in the brain changes only in one direction, that all diurnal-cyclic genes gradually lose their cyclicity - the real picture is actually more complicated.

Of course, it could be assumed that sleep problems, and bouts of bad mood, and rapid fatigue from mental work in older people are associated with a misregulated system of circadian rhythms, and that it all comes down to age-related changes in the activity of certain genes. However, it would be nice to know what these genes are and what exactly happens to them, and an important step here, as we see, has already been made. Perhaps in the future it will be possible to extend the healthy life of the brain to the deepest old age, simply by restoring the correct functioning of its biological clock.

Other interesting news:

▪ Barrier for rodents

▪ MRI images become clearer

▪ Reduced pressure for superconductivity at room temperature

▪ A simple adapter will turn ordinary headphones into smart ones

▪ NXP Unveils Ultra-Compact, High-Precision MEMS Frequency Synthesizer

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ Telephony site section. Article selection

▪ article Berdyaev Nikolai Alexandrovich. Famous aphorisms

▪ article What is plant grafting? Detailed answer

▪ article Working with a circular saw. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Antennas of the radio station UA1DJ. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Simple booster devices. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews