Hospital therapy. Rheumatism. Etiology and pathogenesis (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Hospital therapy. Rheumatism. Etiology and pathogenesis (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Table of contents (expand)

1. Rheumatism. Etiology and pathogenesis

Rheumatism (Sokolsky-Buyo disease) is a systemic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue with a predominant localization of the process in the cardiovascular system, which develops in persons predisposed to it (as a rule, these are young people) due to an acute infection with group b-hemolytic streptococcus BUT.

This definition of the disease was given in 1989 by V. A. Nasonov.

The defeat of other organs and systems in rheumatism is of secondary importance and does not determine its severity and subsequent prognosis.

Etiology. Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci cause upper respiratory infections. That is why the onset of rheumatism, as a rule, is preceded by angina, exacerbation of chronic tonsillitis, and in the blood of patients an increased amount of streptococcal antigen and anti-streptococcal antibodies (ASL-O, ASG, ASA, antideoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNase B)) are detected.

In the development of rheumatism, age and social factors (adverse living conditions, malnutrition) play a role, and genetic predisposition also matters (rheumatism is a polygenically inherited disease, the existence of "rheumatic" families is well known), which consists in a hyperimmune response to streptococcus antigens, the propensity of patients to autoimmune and immunocomplex processes.

Pathogenesis. In rheumatism, a complex and diverse immune response (hypersensitivity reactions of immediate and delayed types) to numerous streptococcal antigens occurs. When an infection enters the body, antistreptococcal antibodies are produced and immune complexes are formed (streptococcus antigens + antibodies to them + complement), which circulate in the blood and settle in the microcirculatory bed. Streptococcus toxins and enzymes also have a damaging effect on the myocardium and connective tissue.

Due to a genetically determined defect in the immune system, streptococcal antigens and immune complexes are not completely and quickly eliminated from the body of patients. As a result, autoimmune processes develop according to the type of delayed-type hypersensitivity, and lymphocytes reacting with cardiac tissue are found in the blood of patients. These cells are of great importance in the origin of organ lesions (mainly the heart).

In the connective tissue with rheumatism, phase changes occur: mucoid swelling - fibrinoid changes - fibrinoid necrosis. The morphological expression of immune disorders are cellular reactions - infiltration by lymphocytes and plasmocytes, the formation of rheumatic, or Ashofftalalaevskaya, granuloma. The pathological process ends with sclerosis.

When the heart is affected, the inflammatory process can spread to all the membranes of the heart (pancarditis) or in isolation to each of the membranes.

>> Forward: Clinical picture of rheumatism

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Constitutional law of foreign countries. Crib

▪ Dentistry. Crib

▪ History of the new time. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

176-layer 4D NAND Flash 13.12.2020

SK Hynix announced the completion of the "industry's most layered" 176-layer 4Gb TLC 512D NAND flash memory. In November, memory samples were sent to controller manufacturers.

The manufacturer is pushing the memory, which it calls 4D NAND, starting with 96-layer Charge Trap Flash or CTF memory. A feature of 4D NAND is the integration under layers with memory cells of a layer with peripheral circuits. SK Hynix estimates that the move to 176-layer memory has enabled 35% more memory per wafer compared to previous generation 4D NAND flash.

The read access time was reduced by 20% using the new cell array selection technology, and the data transfer rate was increased by 33% to 1,6 Gbps.

SK Hynix plans to start deliveries of the new memory in the middle of next year, starting with memory for mobile devices, in which case the increase in read speed reaches 70%, and write speed - 35%. Later, deliveries of chips for consumer and corporate SSDs will begin.

Other interesting news:

▪ Global warming speeds up the rainfall cycle

▪ Smart scales determine the speed of propagation of the pulse wave

▪ Biobank for storing living brain samples

▪ Acoustic leviator avoids obstacles

▪ Perovskite solar cells

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Power supply. Article selection

▪ article by David Icke. Famous aphorisms

▪ article What is cellulose? Detailed answer

▪ Cola's article is brilliant. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Amplifier chip TDA7056, 3 watts. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Folding with a catch. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews