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38. Allergic reactions. Classification
Allergic reactions is the most common cause of intolerance to certain drugs.
Allergy is understood as an altered reactivity of the organism to the action of a given substance due to the hereditary high sensitivity of the organism.
A drug disease is one of the most significant clinical forms of an allergic reaction of the body to drugs.
Necessary steps for the development of drug allergies:
1) the transformation of the drug into a form that is able to interact with proteins;
2) the transformation of the drug into a form that can react with body proteins to form a complete antigen;
3) the body's immune response to this formed complex, which has become foreign, in the form of antibody synthesis through the formation of immunoglobulins.
Stages of allergic manifestations: preimmunological - this is the formation of complete (complete) allergens (antigens).
Immunological, when an antigen-antibody reaction occurs in the tissues of the shock organs. An antigen-antibody reaction is a specific reaction that is caused only by the introduction of a specific allergen.
pathochemical reaction - as a result of the formation of the antigen-antibody complex, biologically active substances (histamine, heparin, serotonin, etc.) are released, the reaction is nonspecific. The pathophysiological reaction is manifested by the action of biologically active substances on various organs and tissues.
Classification of allergic reactions
1. An immediate type reaction is associated with the presence of circulating antibodies in the blood. This reaction occurs 30-60 minutes after the administration of the drug and is then characterized by acute manifestations: local leukocytosis, eosinophilia in the blood test.
2. Delayed-type reaction due to the presence of antibodies in tissues and organs, accompanied by local lymphocytosis, occurs 1-2 days after taking the drug.
Classification of allergic reactions according to pathogenetic type.
1. True (allergic) reactions are divided into chimergic (B-dependent) and kitergic (T-dependent):
1) chimergic allergic reactions are caused by the reaction of an antigen with antibodies, the formation of which is associated with B-lymphocytes;
2) kytergic allergic reactions with allergen binding by sensitized lymphocytes.
2. False (pseudo-allergic, non-immunological) reactions - do not have an immunological stage in their development.
Author: Pavlova N.V.
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