Логика. Введение в курс логики (конспект лекций)

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Логика. Введение в курс логики (конспект лекций)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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LECTURE No. 1. Introduction to the course of logic

In its development, mankind has come a long way - from distant times, when the first representatives of our kind had to huddle in caves, to the cities in which we and our contemporaries live. Such a time gap did not affect the essence of man, his natural desire to know the world around him. However, the knowledge of something is impossible without the ability to separate the true from the false and the truth from the lies. It so happened that the truth has always been an ambiguous phenomenon. She generously endowed some, brought misfortune and sorrow to others. And here everything depends on the person himself, his upbringing, will and fortitude. But everyone should understand that only the truth contributes to the development of a person, both spiritually and scientifically.

Science has not always followed the path of establishing the truth, and this path has shown its inconsistency. There were attempts to characterize a person's personality by the shape of his head, and many more no less absurd directions. But if such mistakes were not made in the development of science, it would be impossible to determine the value of correct approaches. The achievement of the desired result is also hindered by the fact that the path to true knowledge has always been thorny. Many scientists, fighting for their idea and the discoveries that they managed to make (sometimes centuries ahead of schedule), sacrificed their lives. Suffice it to recall the Italian scientist Giordano Bruno, who burned at the stake for not wanting to renounce his theory of the infinity of the Universe and the countlessness of its worlds. Or modern nuclear physicists, or microbiologists who were exposed to radioactive radiation and experimented on themselves for the benefit of others. However, despite this, not all useful discoveries now benefit people. Some projects are closed due to lack of funding, others serve the opposite purpose. For example, the atomic reaction from the very moment of discovery had a dual character. On the one hand, it effectively serves people, giving huge amounts of energy, and hence heat and light. On the other side of the scale lie the lives of those who died, exposed to deadly radiation. Therefore, I want to believe that in the future such knowledge will be used only for the benefit of man.

Learning is light and ignorance is darkness. Knowledge is power. These are sayings known to everyone since childhood. Indeed, the greater the knowledge of a person, the greater his power. However, it is almost impossible to obtain true knowledge without the help of special techniques. There is an opinion that it is possible to think correctly without using the laws of logic and without even knowing about them, on the basis of worldly experience and common sense. However, it is not. For example, you can solve a mathematical problem by reaching, as they say, "with your own mind", but another such problem will no longer be obeyed, because it is based on rules not known to the solver. Or he can easily make a mistake that will result in a completely wrong answer. This is also the case with thinking. Only the study of logic and the constant training of logical abilities allow a person to think correctly, clearly and without errors. And a mistake, even the smallest one, can cost an individual and even humanity very dearly. For example, fascism, as a political phenomenon that led to the most devastating war in the modern world, was based on an ideology that was deliberately wrong. However, there was no person who could refute the ideas of fascism in time, expose them. This is just one example that makes it clear how necessary logic is in the life of a person, not only engaged in science or politics, but also an ordinary citizen, in order not to get into trouble, not to be deceived, not to be subjected to undesirable consequences of a carelessly spoken word.

Thus, logic as the doctrine of the correctness of thinking, questions and answers, the construction of new hypotheses and evidence is necessary for every reasonable person.

Author: Shadrin D.A.

>> Forward: Logics. The main stages of the development of science (Logic of the Ancient World. Ancient India and Ancient China. Ancient Greece. Medieval logic)

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