Конкуренция. Кластеры (самое важное)

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Конкуренция. Кластеры (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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55. Clusters

Cluster or an industrial group - a group of geographically adjacent interconnected companies and related organizations operating in a particular area and characterized by a common activity and complementary to each other.

Clusters may arise as a result of unusual, complex, or increased local demand. Random events turn out to be important for the emergence of a cluster. The initial stage of formation of companies in the region often reflects the actions of entrepreneurs, which cannot be fully explained only by the presence of favorable local conditions.

In a viable cluster, an initial critical mass of firms reinforces the process of self-empowerment, in which the cluster becomes more visible and its prestige increases.

During this:

1) specialized suppliers appear,

2) information is accumulated,

3) special training is organized in local institutions,

4) research is underway,

5) infrastructure is being developed and appropriate legislative norms are being developed.

Clusters are usually more pronounced in a developed economy, where the depth and width of clusters is greater. In a developing economy cluster formation weakened by a low level of education, low qualifications, poor development of public institutions. Cluster improvement is facilitated by private investment.

Clusters offer governments new ways to collect and organize information, as a wide range of knowledge about marketing, technology and other specialized types of information accumulates within a cluster. An important special case of the information advantages created by the cluster is the availability of information about the current needs of the buyer.

Individual companies can influence the development of the cluster independently, this role is often filled by cluster founders or leading firms. The activities of many trade associations often come down to lobbying the government, collecting some statistical data, while the organizations themselves take on the distribution of social functions. The existing opportunities for associations to enhance the competitiveness of the cluster turn out to be much greater. Cluster initiatives can focus on the discussion of certain government policy issues, help identify problems within the private sector.

To test cluster development efforts, it is necessary that certain cluster embryos tested by the market. Efforts to develop the cluster should go through the achievement of competitive advantages and specialization, and not through attempts to repeat what exists in other regions.

Author: Ilyina V.N.

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