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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
About 20-30% of the population growth in Europe from 1700 to 1900 was due to the introduction of the potato, which allowed more people to be fed. According to the US Geological Survey, human activity releases 135 times more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per year than all the Earth's volcanoes release. Until now, it was believed that volcanoes have a stronger effect on the composition of the atmosphere than humans. It has been known for more than a century that lichens are a symbiosis of a fungus with an algae. Austrian botanists recently discovered a third member of the symbiosis: yeasts. About 150 desalination plants operate in 18 countries of the world, producing 000 trillion liters of fresh water per year. But this is less than 31,6% of its global consumption. From 1946 to 1958, US nuclear weapons were tested on the Bikini Atoll (Pacific Ocean). Although almost 60 years have passed, the average annual dose of radiation on and around the atoll is 184 millirems, and in some places up to 639 millirems. An annual dose of 100 milliremes is considered safe. According to surveys around the world, arachnophobia, the fear of spiders, is more common in Europe than in Africa and South America, where venomous spider species are much more common. According to experts from the United States, if there is political will, the world could switch to completely renewable energy sources by 2030. To do this, it would only be necessary to build 4 million wind power generators with a capacity of 5 megawatts, 90 solar power plants with a capacity of 300 megawatts, and produce 1,7 billion solar panels with a capacity of 3 kilowatts for installation on rooftops. Over the past 15 years, the number of smokers in the United States has decreased by 15%, and the number of obese people has increased by 40%. DEET repellant has been used to protect against blood-sucking insects around the world for 60 years, but only now French scientists have discovered that DEET can kill human nerve cells. True, the repellent is safe if it is applied according to the rules: on the skin or clothes (for small children - only on clothes) and no more than three times a day ... Thanks to the cessation of the use of CFCs, the expansion of the ozone hole over Antarctica has stopped and is expected to completely close somewhere between 2017 and 2020. The most powerful computer in the world is now the Japanese K-computer, which performs 10 quadrillion operations per second. If the latest desktops and laptops use six-core processors, then the K-computer has 705 cores. Of the members of the Danish Parliament, 63% commute to work by bike. Dutch police are training eagles to grab unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) flying into no-fly zones with their claws. In the south of England, leprosy bacilli of the same type that infected people in the Middle Ages were found in a population of squirrels. In squirrels of Scotland and Ireland, leprosy bacilli were found, which are characteristic of Mexico in our time. Now in the world every year there are about 220 thousand new cases of leprosy. A survey of 66 people from 67 countries about their attitude to vaccinations showed that 12% of humanity do not want to be vaccinated and vaccinate their children. The strongest prejudice against vaccination was shown by the French - 41%, the least afraid of vaccinations in Southeast Asia - only 1-2%. According to the Japanese geophysicist Itaru Shimizu, half of the heat released by the Earth's interior comes from the radioactive decay of uranium, thorium and other elements, and the other half is the heat left over from the era of the young molten Earth 4,5 billion years ago. British oceanologists have discovered 12 unknown volcanoes at the bottom of the South Sandwich Islands near Antarctica. A quarter of strains of pathogenic bacteria resist all known antibiotics. Meanwhile, large pharmaceutical companies almost do not search for new antibiotics, since it is much more profitable for them to produce drugs for chronic diseases (diabetes, hypertension), which must be taken all their lives. The UK's three most respected medical journals have agreed not to publish research results paid for by tobacco companies. Since crowds of tourists endanger the tomb of Tutankhamun with their breath and dust brought on shoes and clothes, an exact copy of it was recently built at the entrance to the Valley of the Kings in Egypt, where tourists are taken. According to the remains of garbage dumps and cesspools in the city of Pompeii (Italy), it was found that the menu of the inhabitants of the city, which died during the eruption of Vesuvius in 79, included the meat of giraffes and pink flamingos. The world's largest landfill closes. It is located in the suburbs of Mexico City, 12 tons of garbage are brought here daily from a city of nine million, and in total 600 million tons of waste have accumulated here. During the first year of operation of the Large Hadron Collider, 1013 collisions of protons with an energy of 7 giga-electronvolts occurred in it. Not a single black hole emerged. By the end of 2015, 300 tsunami sensors should be installed along the coast of Japan. In the European Union, a law has been passed obliging from 2017 to start producing a single, unified charger for all types of portable electronics - phones, tablets, laptops, photo and video cameras, GPS navigators ... A long-term survey of 30 people over 239 years old, conducted in the United States, showed that carriers of blood type AB, also known as IV (45-7% of the world's population), suffer from problems with memory and thinking in old age 8% more often than owners of other groups blood. Computer programs for a modern car consist of one hundred million lines of code. American astronaut Scott Kelly, after spending 340 days on the ISS, grew by 5 cm. This was due to the expansion of the intervertebral discs, which got rid of the constant pressure of gravity. The moon is moving away from the earth at 3,8 cm per year. Therefore, according to the French astronomer Pascal Decamps, after 1,21 billion years, the apparent size of the Moon will become smaller than the apparent size of the Sun and total solar eclipses will stop. The railway tunnel under the Alps, which connected Switzerland with Italy last autumn, replaced 650 truck runs that transported 40 million tons of cargo per year along mountain roads between continental Europe and the Apennine Peninsula. An analysis of the genomes of about 300 different strains of the plague bacteria led an international team of geneticists and microbiologists to conclude that the disease first appeared in China over 2600 years ago. Computer modeling of the climate, conducted at the University of Calgary (Canada), showed that if humanity immediately stops burning fossil fuels, the consequences of this activity will come to naught only by the year 3000. According to the UN plans, by 2030, extreme poverty should disappear on the planet. The threshold for such poverty is considered to be a daily income of $1,9 or less. There are now 767 million people in the world who are very poor, 40% of them in India and Nigeria. According to Canadian paleobotanists, the first multicellular organisms capable of photosynthesis were the algae Bangiomorpha pubescens, whose fossils were found in northern Canada. They are 1,2 billion years old. 15 American astronauts, who stayed on the space station for about six months, deteriorated their eyesight, inflamed optic nerves. This is attributed to the prolonged effect of weightlessness. At the end of 2018, Germany's last hard coal mine will close. The country is switching to environmentally friendly energy sources. According to American paleontologists, on average, only 9% of now endangered animal species will leave a mark in the geological strata, whether it be fossils, prints or other traces. Switzerland has opened the longest railway tunnel in the world: 57 km. The journey from Zurich to Milan was reduced by almost two hours. Experiments conducted at the University of Nijmegen (Netherlands) showed that playing sports four hours after finishing school lessons or lectures at the institute improves the memorization of what has been passed. The robot, specially designed to solve the Rubik's Cube, completed its task in 1,019 seconds. The human record is 4,904 seconds. Continental drift began half a billion years earlier than hitherto believed. So say Swiss geologists who measured the content of titanium isotopes on the outskirts of different continents. An average intelligent dog can learn to understand 165 words and gestures. The smartest learn 250 or more. Agricultural pesticides are responsible for 4000-20 cancer cases in the country, according to the US National Academy of Sciences. Around the world, 000 tons of pesticides are poured into fields every year. In botanical gardens around the world, you can now see 30% of all known plant species in the world. In 2012, China overtook the US for the first time in personal computer sales: 69 million versus 66 million. This is due to the growing demand for computers in China's rural outback. Why do seabirds often ingest plastic debris floating in the ocean? As American environmentalists have shown, plastic is gradually overgrown with bacteria and unicellular algae, which emit a gas that smells appetizing to birds. But plastic can clog the intestines and the bird will die. After processing a mass of scientific botanical literature and computer databases, an international group of botanists counted the number of plant species in the Amazon: 14 species. Of these, 003 are trees, the rest are herbs, shrubs, lianas. It is believed that more than one tens of thousands of species remain undiscovered. Meanwhile, the Amazonian forests are being cut down and many species could become extinct. In France, 2017 terawatt-hours of electricity was spent on bitcoin mining in 30,25. German zoologists have shown that the eyes of a rat can look simultaneously in different directions. Although this skill is not as highly developed as, for example, a chameleon, it helps the rat avoid danger. There are currently 72 nuclear reactors under construction in the world, and 435 are operating. Of these, 42% were put into operation more than 30 years ago.
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