Instruction on labor protection for a car driver

Free technical library

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection

Occupational safety instructions for the car driver. Full document

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Standard instructions for labor protection

Comments on the article

Safe Operation

1. Introduction

1.1. This Instruction regulates the basic safety requirements for the work of a car driver (hereinafter referred to as the driver).

1.2. The driver must comply with the requirements of the instructions developed on the basis of this and instructions developed taking into account the requirements set out in standard labor protection instructions:

Having noticed a violation of safety requirements by any employee, the driver must warn him of the need to comply with them.

The driver must also follow the instructions of a representative of the joint committee (commission) on labor protection or an authorized (trusted) person on labor protection of the trade union committee.

The driver must know and be able to provide first aid to the injured person in accordance with Instructions for providing first aid in case of accidents.

The driver should not start performing one-time work that is not related to direct duties in the specialty, without receiving targeted instruction on labor protection.

2. General safety requirements

2.1. Persons who have an appropriate driver's license and who have undergone introductory briefing and initial training at the workplace on labor protection are allowed to drive a car.

2.2. A driver who has not undergone timely re-instruction on labor safety (at least once every 1 months) and an annual test of knowledge on labor safety should not start work.

2.3. The driver must comply with the internal labor regulations adopted by the enterprise.

2.4. The driver's working hours should not exceed 40 hours per week.

The duration of daily work (shift) is determined by internal labor regulations or shift schedules approved by the employer in agreement with the trade union committee.

2.5. The driver must know that the most dangerous factors that may affect him during the work process are:

posted car or its units;
hot water and steam;
flammable substances;
gases and other toxic substances;
leaded gasoline;
equipment, tools, fixtures;
a driver falling as a result of his careless actions when leaving the cab and moving around the territory.

2.5.1. A car suspended only by a lifting mechanism poses a great danger, as it can fall and crush the driver.

2.5.2. Hot coolant, water and steam cause burns if they come into contact with the skin.

2.5.3. Flammable substances (vapours, gases), in the process of handling of which the safety rules are violated, can cause a fire and explosion.

2.5.4. Gases and other toxic substances (butane, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ethyl mercaptan and others), entering the human body through the respiratory system, lead to severe poisoning.

2.5.5. Leaded gasoline has a toxic effect on the body when its vapors are inhaled, the body is contaminated with it, or it enters the body with food or drinking water.

2.5.6. Equipment, tools and accessories, if used incorrectly or malfunctioning, lead to injury.

2.6. It is prohibited to use tools, devices, equipment, the use of which the driver is not trained or instructed.

2.7. In accordance with standard industry standards for the free issuance of special clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment to workers and employees, the following are issued:

2.7.1. For drivers of trucks, special vehicles, truck cranes and tractors:

cotton overalls;
mittens combined two-fingered.

In winter, in special and IV belts additionally:

cotton jacket with insulating lining;
cotton trousers with insulating lining;
felt boots.

2.7.2. Bus and car drivers:

cotton gloves.

2.7.3. Drivers of all cars running on leaded gasoline, when working on the line, additionally:

rubber apron with bib;
rubber gloves;
PVC oversleeves.

2.7.4. In winter, in areas classified as II, III, IV and special climatic zones, drivers engaged in outdoor work are additionally given a "Penguin" type heating kit in addition to warm workwear.

2.8. The driver must follow fire safety rules. Smoking is permitted only in designated areas.

2.9. The driver should try to correct vehicle malfunctions noticed while working on the line, as well as violations in the packaging or securing of cargo on his own, and if impossible, report to the enterprise and call for technical assistance.

2.10. When sending two or more people to work together, the driver must follow the orders and instructions of the senior person appointed by the employer as responsible for compliance with safety requirements.

2.11. Gas-cylinder (gas-diesel) vehicles can enter maintenance and repair posts only after the engine has been switched to run on gasoline (diesel fuel).

Before entering, you must check the gas supply system for leaks at a special post. It is prohibited to enter premises with a leaky disposable power supply system.

When switching the engine to liquid fuel, it is necessary to close the flow valves and completely exhaust the gas from the power system (until the carburetor engine stops completely), then close the main valve, turn on the liquid fuel supply and start the engine.

2.12. The driver must observe personal hygiene rules. Before eating and smoking, wash your hands with soap, and after working with components and parts of a car running on leaded gasoline, first wash your hands with kerosene.

2.13. For failure to comply with the requirements of the instructions developed on the basis of this and specified in clause 1.2, the driver is liable in accordance with current legislation.

3. Safety requirements before starting work

3.1. Before leaving the line, the driver must:

3.1.1. Pass a pre-trip medical examination.

3.1.2. Receive a waybill and instructions from the dispatcher about working conditions on the line and the characteristics of the cargo being transported.

3.1.3. Together with the gearbox mechanic, check the technical serviceability and completeness of the car and get the appropriate mark on the waybill. When examining, pay special attention to:

serviceability of the battery, starter, brakes, steering, lighting, alarm, cabin doors, interior, heating device, side locks, muffler and tightness of its connections, etc.;
no leakage of fuel, oil, coolant;
air pressure in tires and their serviceability;
proper completeness of the car with the necessary tools, fixtures, inventory and their serviceability.

3.1.4. Vehicles running on gas fuel must be inspected daily to check the tightness and serviceability of gas equipment. The tightness of all connections is checked using special devices (leak detectors), by ear or with soap emulsion.

Gas equipment malfunctions (leaks) can only be repaired at gas equipment repair and adjustment stations or in a specialized workshop.

3.2. Before starting the engine, the driver must:

turn off and disconnect the heating elements;
brake the car with a parking brake;
put the gearshift lever (controller) in the neutral position;
check the tightness of the power supply system;
ventilate the engine compartment (on vehicles running on gas fuel).

3.3. The driver may use the starting handle only in the event of a temporary failure of the starter or when starting the engine after a repair.

3.4. When starting the engine with the starting handle, the driver must comply with the following safety requirements:

do not take the handle in the girth;
turn the starting handle from the bottom up;
when manually adjusting the ignition timing, set the ignition later;
do not use any levers acting on the starting handle.

3.5. The driver is prohibited:

start the engine by towing;
heat the engine, gearbox, drive axle housings with open fire;
release compressed natural gas or discharge liquefied petroleum gas while the engine is running or the ignition is on;
leave the flow valves in an intermediate state: they must be completely open or closed;
use additional levers to close or open the flow, main and fill valves;
hit gas equipment and fittings under pressure;
stop a gas-cylinder vehicle closer than 5 m from places of work with open fire, and also use open fire closer than 5 m from the car;
check the tightness of connections of gas pipelines, gas equipment and fittings with fire;
operate vehicles with the air filter removed.

4. Safety requirements during work

4.1. When working on the line, the driver must:

4.1.1. Start driving the vehicle only after making sure that there are no obstacles in the path of travel. On a dump truck, additionally, only with the body lowered.

4.1.2. Before leaving the cab, turn off the ignition or cut off the fuel supply, brake the car with a parking brake, make sure that there is no danger associated with the movement of vehicles both in the same direction and in the opposite direction. Do not jump from the cab, car body.

4.1.3. After exiting the cab, if the car is stopped on a road section with a slope (even a slight one), place wheel chocks (shoes) under the wheels.

4.1.4. Clean dirt, snow and ice off the footboards in a timely manner. Avoid contact with oil and fuel.

4.1.5. Rest in the car cabin only when the engine is not running, as otherwise this can lead to poisoning from carbon monoxide contained in the car's exhaust gases.

4.1.6. Before reversing the vehicle, make sure that this maneuver will not create a hazard and that there are no people nearby.

4.1.7. Before starting to reverse in conditions of insufficient rear visibility (due to cargo in the back, when leaving the gate, etc.), require a person to be allocated to organize the movement of the car.

4.1.8. When the vehicle is moving, use a tank whose capacity is less than 3/4 full; to ensure vehicle stability when cornering, reduce the driving speed.

4.1.9. Open the radiator cap on a hot engine in a mitten or cover it with a rag (rag). Open the cork carefully, avoiding intense steam escaping towards the opening one.

4.1.10. Refuel the car with fuel in accordance with the safety rules established for gas stations.

4.1.11. To overflow gasoline, use a special device. It is forbidden to suck gasoline by mouth through the hose.

4.1.12. In winter, to prevent cases of frostbite, when troubleshooting on the way, work only in gloves. It is forbidden to touch metal objects, parts and tools with hands without gloves.

4.1.13. When refueling a car in winter, use refueling nozzles only with gloves on, do not allow dousing and getting fuel on the skin of hands and body.

4.1.14. To open and close the sides of the truck, use the help of another person.

4.1.15. Receive additional instructions from the employer when sent to work away from the main base, on ice roads, crossing water bodies and in off-road conditions in accordance with the current “Rules for labor protection in road transport”.

4.1.16. Before being sent to work in a quarry, receive additional instruction in accordance with the Uniform Safety Rules for Open-pit Mining Mining with an entry in the instruction logbook.

4.1.17. When stopping the movement of a gas-cylinder (gas-diesel) car for parking for more than 10 minutes, close the main valve, and for less than 10 minutes, it is allowed to leave the main valve open.

4.1.18. Before refueling the vehicle with gas fuel, stop the engine and close the flow valves.

4.1.19. After filling the cylinders with gas, first close the valve on the filling station, then the filling valve on the car and disconnect the gas filling hose.

If the gas filler hose accidentally leaks during refueling, immediately close the outlet valve on the gas filler and then the filler valve on the vehicle.

4.1.20. If the engine makes popping noises when starting at a gas station, the driver must immediately turn off the engine and tow the vehicle to a safe place for troubleshooting.

4.1.21. Fulfill the requirements specified in paragraphs. 3.2 - 3.4.

4.1.22. Before boarding a truck intended for the transport of people, instruct passengers on the procedures for boarding and disembarking, warning them that standing in the back or sitting while a moving vehicle is prohibited.

4.1.23. Do not allow persons accompanying the cargo to travel in the back of a truck if it does not have seating located at least 15 cm below the level of the side.

4.1.24. Check the compliance of the stowage and reliability of fastening of cargo and awnings on rolling stock with the safety requirements and ensuring the safety of cargo, and if violations are detected in the stowage and fastening of cargo and awnings, demand that the person responsible for loading operations eliminate them.

4.1.25. Transport glass containers with liquids only in special packaging, and they must be installed vertically (with the cap facing up).

4.1.26. When loading the car body with bulk cargo, make sure that it does not rise above the sides of the body (standard or extended) and is located evenly over the entire area of the body.

4.1.27. Make sure that piece loads that rise above the sides of the body are tied with strong, serviceable rigging (ropes, cords). Do not use metal rope or wire.

4.1.28. Make sure that box, roll-barrel and other piece cargo is packed tightly, without gaps, strengthened or tied so that when driving (sharp braking, starting from a stop and sharp turns) it cannot move along the floor of the body. If there are gaps between load areas, wooden spacers and spacers should be inserted.

4.1.29. Make sure that the barrels with liquid cargo are installed with the cap facing up. Each row of barrels laid on their sides should be wedged on the outer rows. It is prohibited to use other objects instead of wooden wedges.

4.1.30. Transport dusty cargo in rolling stock (open bodies) equipped with canopies and seals.

It is forbidden to transport hot goods in wooden bodies.

4.1.31. Transport cargo that exceeds the dimensions of the body in length, width and height, in accordance with the requirements of the Road Traffic Regulations.

4.1.32. Loads that exceed the dimensions of the rolling stock by 2 m or more in length (long loads) should be transported on vehicles with trailers - spreaders, to which the loads must be securely attached.

When transporting long loads of different lengths at the same time, make sure that shorter loads are placed on top.

4.1.33. Make sure that when loading long cargo (pipes, rails, logs, etc.) onto a vehicle with a trailer - by unraveling, a gap is left between the shield installed behind the vehicle cabin and the ends of the cargo so that the cargo does not cling to the turns and turns shield. To prevent the load from moving forward when braking or moving downhill, the load must be securely secured.

4.1.34. Accept and transport dangerous goods and empty containers from them in accordance with the Rules for ensuring the safety of transportation of dangerous goods by road.

4.1.35. Make sure that all packages containing hazardous substances have labels indicating the type of hazard of the cargo, the top of the package, and the presence of fragile vessels in the package.

4.1.36. Filling and draining of tankers should be done by gravity or using pumps through serviceable hoses or pipes.

4.1.37. When using an automatic loading system for flammable liquids, be at the emergency loading stop panel, and when loading ammonia water into tanks, be on the windward side.

4.1.38. Before loading dangerous goods onto a vehicle and unloading them from the vehicle, turn off the engine (except for loading petroleum products into a tanker, as well as loading performed using a pump installed on the vehicle and driven by the vehicle engine. In this case, the driver must be at the pump control panel ).

4.1.39. Before transporting to the loading site, clear the car body of foreign objects, as well as snow, ice, debris, etc.

4.1.40. Inspect loaded containers in order to determine the correctness of loading and the reliability of fastening containers on specialized semi-trailers or universal vehicles (road trains).

4.1.41. Do not allow people to travel in the back of the car where the containers are installed, and in the containers themselves.

4.1.42. When transporting containers, observe the following precautions:

do not brake sharply;
slow down on curves, curves and bumps in the road;
pay attention to the height of gates, overpasses, contact networks, trees, etc., sufficient for passage.

4.1.43. If there is no wheel guard at the unloading sites, require instructions from the consignee about the minimum distance from the slope or cliff to which he can drive up for unloading.

4.1.44. Make sure that before starting loading and unloading operations, a trestle is installed under the frame of the panel trailer to prevent it from tipping over (when loading - from the loading side, when unloading - from the opposite side).

4.1.45. Park your car no closer than 1 m from the car in front and no less than 1,5 m from the car standing on the side for loading or unloading.

When parking a vehicle for loading or unloading, maintain an interval of at least 0,5 m between the building and the vehicle and at least 1 m between the stack of cargo and the vehicle.

When loading or unloading cargo using overpasses, platforms, ramps with a height equal to the level of the body floor, move the vehicle close to them.

4.1.46. Make sure that the semi-trailer is loaded from the front and unloaded from the rear.

4.1.47. If violations of labor safety rules and regulations are detected while working at the consignor’s or consignee’s facility, which could lead to an accident or accident, demand that the consignor or consignee eliminate them.

4.1.48. When stopping and parking on unlit sections of the road at night or in conditions of insufficient visibility, turn on the marker or parking lights of the car.

4.1.49. When the car is forced to stop on the side of the road or on the carriageway for repairs, place an emergency stop sign or a flashing red light behind the car.

4.1.50. When working under a vehicle, position yourself so that your feet are not on the roadway.

4.1.51. If it is necessary to carry out work under the raised body of a dump truck, install inventory devices for fixing the body (stops, clamps, rods).

4.1.52. When inflating or inflating tires removed from the vehicle on the road, install a safety fork of the appropriate length and strength into the holes of the wheel disc or place the wheel with the lock ring down.

4.1.53. Before starting work, a truck crane, a vehicle with an assembly lift, etc. install on a horizontal platform with the obligatory installation of extended supports. Special wooden pads must be placed under the support shoes.

Do not:

install truck cranes, assembly lifts, etc. at the edge of a ditch, ditch, cliff, etc., where soil sliding is possible;
work with non-extended and unlocked supports;
use random objects as linings;
move the car with people lifted in the cradle or a lifted load;
sit on the sides of the raised cradle;
install truck cranes, dump trucks, vehicles with assembly lifts, etc. near power lines without special permission;
carry out work at night without adequate lighting.

4.2. The driver is prohibited:

perform any work on maintenance and repair of the vehicle at a distance closer than 5 m from the area of operation of loading and unloading mechanisms;
use an open fire and smoke at a filling station, carry out repair and adjustment work, refuel while the engine is running, allow fuel to overflow, allow passengers to be in the cabin, cabin or body;
allow the engine to operate on a mixture of two fuels - gasoline and gas (with the exception of gas-diesel);
use the tail lift of the vehicle to lift or lower people;
smoking in the cab of a gas-balloon (gas-diesel) vehicle;
smoke and use open flames when loading, unloading and transporting explosive goods;
transport cargo with cats protruding beyond the side dimensions of the car;
block the cabin doors with cargo;
load long loads above the bunk racks;
when loading containers onto a vehicle (unloading), be in the cabin, body, and also at a distance of less than 5 m from the operating area of the lifting mechanism (except for the driver of a self-loader);
transport passengers in the back of an unequipped truck;
transport children in the back of a truck, even one equipped for transporting people;
transport people on flatbed platforms, on cargo placed at or above the side of the body, on long cargo and next to it, on tanks, trailers and semi-trailers of all types, in the back of a car - a dump truck and a specialized truck (refrigerator, etc.), in the back of a car with containers;
transport in the cabin, body and interior a number of people greater than that indicated in the manufacturer’s passport;
transport people on the running boards, fenders, bumpers and sides standing in the back of an equipped truck, as well as with the doors of the rolling stock not closed;
transport passengers, loaders and persons accompanying cargo in an open body during the cold season;
jointly transport dangerous substances and foodstuffs or feed cargoes;
drive the vehicle onto the loading and unloading ramp if it does not have a fence;
park a dump truck for unloading under power lines without permission from the owner of the power line;
when refueling with gas fuel, stand near the gas filling hose and cylinders;
tighten the nuts of the connections of the gas system under pressure and knock on them with metal objects;
work without gloves when refueling with gas fuel;
fill cylinders in case of detection of depressurization of the power supply system;
fill gas cylinders, the period of examination of which has expired;
allow unauthorized persons, including passengers and loaders, to repair the car.

5. Safety requirements in emergency situations

5.1. The driver must:

5.1.1. Immediately inform the employer about an accident that happened to him or through his fault, as well as about any accident involving other employees of the enterprise that he witnessed.

5.1.2. Provide first aid to a victim in an accident, help transport him to a health center or the nearest medical facility, or, if necessary, call medical workers to the scene of the accident.

5.1.3. In the event of a malfunction of the gas supply system, immediately close the supply and main valves, and then ventilate the engine compartment and other compartments where the gas pipeline passes.

5.1.4. If a gas leak is detected from the cylinder fittings, release or drain the gas in compliance with safety measures. The release of compressed gas or the discharge of liquefied gas in a motor transport enterprise should be carried out only at specially equipped posts.

5.1.5. Open main and supply gas valves slowly to avoid water hammer.

5.1.6. When releasing compressed natural gas or draining liquefied petroleum gas, do not smoke or use open fire, and do not carry out work unrelated to the release or drain of gas.

5.1.7. If a gas leak is detected in the line from the supply system, with the exception of the cylinder fittings, stop immediately, close the flow valves, release gas from the system until the engine stops, then close the main valve and, if possible, take measures to eliminate the malfunction or inform the enterprise.

5.1.8. If there is a gas leak from the cylinder fittings, drive the car to a place that is safe for others and release or drain the gas from the cylinder.

5.2. It is prohibited to release compressed natural gas or discharge liquefied petroleum gas while the engine is running or the ignition is on, as well as in the immediate vicinity of other vehicles parked or near fire sources and people.

6. Safety requirements upon completion of work

6.1. Upon completion of work, the driver must:

6.1.1. Comply with the safety requirements set out in paragraphs. 4.1.2, 4.1.3.

6.1.2. After parking the car overnight or for a long time, close the supply valves (for compressed gas) or the main valve (for liquefied gas), exhaust the gas from the power system, then turn off the ignition and disconnect the ground.

6.1.3. Before parking the vehicle in a heated parking spot, make sure there are no fuel leaks.

6.1.4. Wash your hands with soap, and after working with components and parts of a car running on leaded gasoline, you must first wash your hands with kerosene.

6.1.5. Notify your immediate supervisor of any deficiencies discovered during work.

We recommend interesting articles Section Standard instructions for labor protection:

▪ Drawer. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ Electric winch driver. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ Laboratory staff. Standard instruction on labor protection

See other articles Section Standard instructions for labor protection.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Artificial leather for touch emulation 15.04.2024

In a modern technology world where distance is becoming increasingly commonplace, maintaining connection and a sense of closeness is important. Recent developments in artificial skin by German scientists from Saarland University represent a new era in virtual interactions. German researchers from Saarland University have developed ultra-thin films that can transmit the sensation of touch over a distance. This cutting-edge technology provides new opportunities for virtual communication, especially for those who find themselves far from their loved ones. The ultra-thin films developed by the researchers, just 50 micrometers thick, can be integrated into textiles and worn like a second skin. These films act as sensors that recognize tactile signals from mom or dad, and as actuators that transmit these movements to the baby. Parents' touch to the fabric activates sensors that react to pressure and deform the ultra-thin film. This ... >>

Petgugu Global cat litter 15.04.2024

Taking care of pets can often be a challenge, especially when it comes to keeping your home clean. A new interesting solution from the Petgugu Global startup has been presented, which will make life easier for cat owners and help them keep their home perfectly clean and tidy. Startup Petgugu Global has unveiled a unique cat toilet that can automatically flush feces, keeping your home clean and fresh. This innovative device is equipped with various smart sensors that monitor your pet's toilet activity and activate to automatically clean after use. The device connects to the sewer system and ensures efficient waste removal without the need for intervention from the owner. Additionally, the toilet has a large flushable storage capacity, making it ideal for multi-cat households. The Petgugu cat litter bowl is designed for use with water-soluble litters and offers a range of additional ... >>

The attractiveness of caring men 14.04.2024

The stereotype that women prefer "bad boys" has long been widespread. However, recent research conducted by British scientists from Monash University offers a new perspective on this issue. They looked at how women responded to men's emotional responsibility and willingness to help others. The study's findings could change our understanding of what makes men attractive to women. A study conducted by scientists from Monash University leads to new findings about men's attractiveness to women. In the experiment, women were shown photographs of men with brief stories about their behavior in various situations, including their reaction to an encounter with a homeless person. Some of the men ignored the homeless man, while others helped him, such as buying him food. A study found that men who showed empathy and kindness were more attractive to women compared to men who showed empathy and kindness. ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Effective sleep training 09.09.2012

In the morning, a person is able to remember the associations created in his brain during sleep - this was stated in Nature Neuroscience by scientists from the Weizmann New Research Institute, where a series of experiments were conducted on volunteers. The essence of their work was that the experimental volunteers in a dream were first subjected to alternate effects of smells and sounds, and then only sounds. Scientists have found that after waking up, the subjects, having heard the sound from their dream, easily and without misfires recalled the smell corresponding to it. In other words, scientists have been able to prove that people can learn and assimilate new information while they sleep.

Sleep learning experiments have been going on for a long time. Since the 60s of the last century, students have tried to fall asleep to a tape recorder with lectures before exams - the results were depressing. The most rigorous tests of "by ear" sleep learning have failed to prove that new knowledge actually remains in memory after waking up. It turned out that this is very difficult to achieve. Then there were considerations that it is necessary to use not only auditory, but also other types of memory. But while more and more research is showing the importance of using sleep for learning, no scientist has yet been able to prove that the brain of a sleeping adult actually absorbs new information.

Renowned Israeli scientist Professor Noam Sobel and his graduate student Anat Arzi from the Department of Neurobiology of the Weizmann Institute of Science, in collaboration with researchers from the Levinstein Rehabilitation Center and the Tel Aviv-Yafo Academic College, decided to experiment with the complex effects of sounds and smells on humans.

Volunteers fell asleep in a special chamber, and their state of sleep was constantly monitored by sensors. The results were followed very strictly. For example, if the subject woke up even for a moment, his results were ruthlessly rejected. The chamber was alternately filled with pleasant and unpleasant odors, and certain sound signals corresponded to them. In sleep, people began to breathe deeper if they liked the smell, or breathe shortly if the smell was unpleasant. They also reacted if in a dream they heard only one sound that previously accompanied the corresponding aromas. And what is most striking, after waking up, the subjects reacted reflexively to the same sounds in the same way as in a dream - they began to breathe deeper to the sounds of "pleasant" smells, and vice versa to the sounds of "unpleasant" ones. And despite the fact that they did not remember the sounds themselves.

Other interesting news:

▪ Owls and silence of propellers

▪ The tablet will be able to control an unmanned truck

▪ Indigestion in plants

▪ Why is there no coal in Antarctica?

▪ Replacing silicon to reduce transistor size

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Big encyclopedia for children and adults. Selection of articles

▪ article Click the mare in the nose - she will wave her tail. Popular expression

▪ article What conditions will an astronaut find on Venus? Detailed answer

▪ article General rules for first aid. Health care

▪ article Issues of designing amplifiers with a common OOS. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Automation and telemechanics. Automatic equipment overload prevention. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews