Topic 5. Crime, its main quantitative and qualitative characteristics

Crime is a historically changeable, social and criminal law phenomenon, which is a system of crimes committed in the corresponding state (region) in the corresponding period of time.

Crime is a product of the interaction of certain types of environment and personality, in connection with which two of its substructures can be distinguished:

▪ persistent crime, in the origin of which personal characteristics play a leading role;

▪ situational crime, which is determined by a stronger influence of the environment than personal characteristics, a complex situation of criminal behavior.

Speaking of crime, it is impossible not to say about its organized part. Organized crime is a complex system of organized criminal formations with their large-scale criminal activity and the creation of the most favorable conditions for such activity, using both its own structures with managerial and other functions to service these formations, their activities and external interactions, as well as state structures, civil society institutions. society.

Crime Study. The criminological study of crime reveals:

1) the degree of its general prevalence and public danger in specific conditions of place and time in order to assess its condition and trends, determine the directions for combating crime;

2) social characteristics of crime, indicating the features of its generation and functioning (motivation, social orientation, social group, socio-industry, socio-territorial prevalence), in order to develop specific preventive measures;

3) own internal characteristics of crime (stability, activity, organization) in order to improve law enforcement and measures to prevent the recurrence of crimes, to strengthen the organized principles in crime.

In the process of studying crime, criminologists obtain actual data about it, reflected in the system of indicators (the total number of crimes, the number of identified criminals, etc.). New information obtained in the course of criminological research is correlated with previous knowledge, ideas, hypotheses, and thus crime is assessed.

When studying crime, it is important to ensure the purposefulness of analytical activity, correctly define its tasks, formulate initial hypotheses, set a certain program character and remain ready to receive new, sometimes unexpected, non-programmed data.

Crime rates and its structure. In the course of studying, assessing and analyzing the prevalence of crime, it is necessary to establish:

▪ crime rate, i.e. the absolute number of registered crimes and identified criminals;

▪ crime intensity, expressed in coefficients.

The coefficients are calculated by comparing crime data with population data. If data on the number of registered crimes are compared, then the Kf coefficient (coefficient by facts) is used; if information about the number of detected criminals is compared, then the coefficient K (coefficient by persons) is used; convicts).

The crime rate can be calculated either for the entire population or for the population of the age of criminal responsibility. The formula for calculating the overall crime rate is as follows:

where K is the crime rate, P is the number of facts or the number of persons who committed crimes, N is the population (total or at the appropriate age).

In the process of studying certain types of crime or individual crimes, their share, or share in total crime, is calculated.

The share of the number of individual crimes can also be calculated from the total number of crimes of the corresponding type. The structure of crime is judged by the ratio of the proportion of its different types.

Studying crime over time. There are the following types of analysis of crime dynamics:

▪ current, when crime data for the year is compared with data for previous years;

▪ systematic, in which crime is analyzed sequentially by year, highlighting certain periods (5, 10 years) or stages of social development (perestroika, reforms, etc.);

▪ analysis of seasonal fluctuations in crime (if necessary).

When studying crime in dynamics, the rate of its growth is calculated. Crime growth is a general term applied to both an increase in crime (positive increase) and a decrease in crime (negative increase).

Crime as a social phenomenon. Among the characteristics of crime, its social component is distinguished. In this case, the following components are identified during the analysis process.

1. Social characteristics of the region. It is established in criminological research by analyzing data on the population and its type.

Population groups are differentiated by:

▪ gender, because gender is associated with various social functions of people and the corresponding features of their social status and behavior (for example, women commit fewer violent crimes);

▪ age;

▪ nationality;

▪ religion;

▪ marital status.

When analyzing population types, urban and rural settlements are distinguished. In turn, cities are divided by population into urban-type settlements (up to 10 thousand), small (10-50 thousand), medium (50-100 thousand), large (100-500 thousand), very large ( over 1 million).

Rural settlements are also divided into small, medium and large.

In addition, there is differentiation according to the administrative criterion (capital, regional, district center); by time and pace of development; on a functional basis (multifunctional metropolitan cities, industrial, transport centers, port cities).

2. Socio-economic characteristics. The following points are highlighted in the study of crime:

▪ the ratio of enterprises and organizations of different forms of ownership and organizational and legal forms;

▪ ratio of enterprises and organizations of different specializations;

▪ social and professional composition of the population;

▪ structure of the population by income, taking into account the size and sources of income, as well as by expenses, taking into account their size and nature; the presence of marginalized people;

▪ features of the formation and use of labor resources in the region (own reproduction, seasonal contract teams, hidden and obvious unemployment);

▪ providing the most basic needs of people, important for their survival and reproduction of the population;

▪ provision of other needs and interests corresponding to income, occupation, and other characteristics of the population.

3. Socio-political characteristics. The following significant points stand out:

▪ whether there are sharp differences in the political interests of different groups of the population, how they are resolved;

▪ what political parties and movements function in the region, how they interact with each other;

▪ how power structures ensure the satisfaction of various political interests;

▪ how power structures are formed (are there any violations);

▪ how relations between state power and local self-government are built.

4. Socio-cultural characteristics. It includes the following data:

▪ about the number, structure of cultural and sports institutions, the nature of their activities and the extent of their coverage of the population;

▪ about institutions providing general education and vocational training;

▪ about the specific needs and interests of the population;

▪ about customs, traditions, behavioral stereotypes, established ways of resolving problem and conflict situations.

External and internal characteristics of crime.

The study of the external characteristics of crime begins with an analysis of its prevalence. This reveals:

▪ crime level (absolute data on registered crimes and identified criminals);

▪ crime intensity (coefficients calculated for a certain population size).

The overall prevalence of crime is determined by the total number of registered crimes per year or the total number of identified criminals.

The motivational characteristic of crime is established by highlighting different motives and identifying the number of registered crimes committed for these motives and the persons who committed them.

The most common in statistical analysis is the differentiation of intentional and reckless crime.

The social orientation of crime is established by the object of criminal attacks. In criminology, the following types of crime are distinguished:

▪ state;

▪ against a person, his rights, freedoms;

▪ against property;

▪ against public interests;

▪ military.

The study of the socio-territorial prevalence of crime is most often carried out by identifying regions according to an administrative criterion. Of particular importance here are the calculation of crime rates and such a technique as the allocation of an array of comparable crimes, i.e. those that, in principle, according to the conditions of the regions, could be committed in all of them.

The socio-group prevalence of crime characterizes the involvement of representatives of different social groups and strata of the population in it, which is established when analyzing data on criminals, as well as on the characteristics of their criminal behavior.

The degree of public danger of crime is studied in various ways. The simplest of them is to identify the ratio of registered crimes of varying severity.

When analyzing the internal characteristics of crime, it is distinguished:

▪ sustainability;

▪ activity;

▪ organization.

The most obvious indicator of the persistence of crime is recidivism.

The activity of crime is manifested, firstly, in the fact that criminals manage to commit more than one crime before being exposed, and secondly, this activity makes itself felt in the fact that criminals not only use conditions convenient for committing a crime, but also consciously make conditions convenient for criminal behavior.

Organized crime is a complex phenomenon that manifests itself in organized crime and organized crime.

Latent crime. The latent part of crime includes hidden and concealed crimes.

The hidden part of crime is formed due to crimes and their various combinations that are committed, but which did not become known to law enforcement agencies and the court.

The hidden part of crime includes crimes and their aggregates that became known to law enforcement agencies, but which, for various reasons, were not reflected in crime statistics (actual failure to consider statements about crimes, incorrect assessment of acts as non-criminal, etc.).

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of crime. A quantitative characteristic of crime is its level, measured in absolute terms by the amount of crimes committed and their participants (perpetrators), as well as in crime coefficients, or indices.

Official statistics use two indicators:

▪ number of registered crimes (and their subjects);

▪ criminal record information.

The crime rate is calculated from the number of crimes committed in a given territory over a certain period of time per a given number of inhabitants, for example, per 1, 10, or 100 people. The level of crime in this interpretation is actually called the coefficient of crime.

The coefficients make it possible to compare the intensity of crime in different administrative-territorial units with different populations, as well as in different periods in the same district, region, taking into account changes in population.

A qualitative characteristic of crime is the structure of crime, which reveals the internal content of crime, the ratio of groups or individual types of crimes, in their total number for a certain period of time in a certain territory, identified according to various grouping characteristics: criminal legal, criminological, socio-demographic, etc. The direction of the “main blow” in the fight against it should depend on the structure of crime.

The indicator of the structure of crime determines the proportion (share) of certain crimes (criminals), which are called types of crime, in the total set of crimes (criminals), taken as 100%.

There are also such indicators of the structure of crime as its geography, ecology and topography.

The geography of crime deals with the problems of the spatial and temporal distribution of deviance, delinquency and crime (places of crime, places of residence of criminals) in the world, parts of the world, states, cities and rural areas. She studies the problems of having a sense of security (the issue of the population's fear of crime, attitudes towards criminal justice, the risk of becoming a victim of crime).

The influence of the social structure of a particular area on the level and nature of crime is also clarified, the limits and directions of movement of criminals are established (from the place of residence to the scene of the crime and vice versa), regional differences in reactions to crime are studied.

The ecology of crime explores the interaction of the environment, climate, natural landscape, flora and fauna, building structure, on the one hand, and human experiences (victimization - fear of crime) and criminal behavior, on the other.

The topography of crime is focused on the analysis of crime scenes, which can be inside buildings, and in apartments, shops, hotels, hospitals.

Types of crime. In criminology, the following types of crime are distinguished.

1. General criminal mercenary crime is a set of so-called general criminal mercenary crimes, i.e. those acts that consist in direct illegal appropriation of other people's property, are committed for mercenary motives and for the purpose of unjust enrichment at the expense of this property, and without the subject using his official provisions that are not related to the violation of economic ties and relations in the economic sphere. This is primarily theft, robbery, robbery, fraud, extortion in their various forms and part of the appropriation of property.

2. Economic crime is a set of mercenary encroachments on the property used for economic activity, the established procedure for managing economic processes and the economic rights of citizens by persons performing certain functions in the system of economic relations.

3. Corruption crime is a social phenomenon characterized by bribery and venality of state and other employees and, on this basis, their mercenary use in personal or narrow group, corporate interests of official official powers, the authority and opportunities associated with them.

4. Ecological crime - a complex set of environmental crimes, i.e. socially dangerous, guilty, unlawful acts that are harmful to the environment and human health, prohibited and punishable in accordance with criminal law, infringing on public relations for the protection of the human environment and rational use of natural resources, including ensuring the environmental safety of the individual, population, society, nation and sustainable development of the state.

5. Tax crime is a concept used in relation to the totality of crimes related to taxation. Tax crimes are crimes against the tax system.

6. State crime - a set of crimes that encroach on the state and social system, committed over a certain period of time on the territory of the country as a whole or in its individual regions.

7. Military crime is a crime interpreted in the broad sense of the word as a system of crimes committed by military personnel, including:

▪ general crimes, i.e. crimes for which the criminal law does not provide for a special subject - a military personnel; they can be committed by both civilians and military personnel;

▪ actual military crimes, i.e. crimes involving a special subject - a military serviceman. The object of such crimes is also specific - military law and order.

8. Organized crime - crime, which is formed by a wide consolidation and rallying of organized criminal groups, criminal organizations and criminal communities that provide illegal activities in order to increase criminal proceeds and strengthen influence on power structures.

9. Professional crime - a set of crimes committed in order to extract the main or additional income by persons who are characterized by criminological professionalism.

10. Crime in extreme situations is a complex set of crimes committed in extreme situations caused by natural, man-made or social factors.

11. Juvenile delinquency. In the total mass of juvenile delinquency, the proportion of group crimes is large. In recent years, there has been a process of enlargement of groups of minors with unlawful behavior. The process of subordinating teenage risk groups to organized crime is actively underway. The social base is expanding to replenish these groups at the expense of the unemployed, minors engaged in small business, as well as adolescents who have returned from places of deprivation of liberty and have not found a place in life from low-income, impoverished families.

12. Recidivism. The concept of "relapse" (from lat. recidivus - returning) means the repetition of the phenomenon after its apparent disappearance. By recidivism criminologists include all crimes committed by persons who previously committed crimes, if the previous crimes are known to law enforcement agencies and became the subject of their law-based response.

Authors: Vasilchikova N.V., Kukharuk V.V.

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