Topic 6. Causes of crime

The causality of crime is one of the types of connections between things and phenomena. Causality is a producing relationship, i.e., determining the fact of the generation of some phenomenon or process. The scope of the causes is, first of all, the stages of motivation and decision-making, when it comes to the formation of a motive, a goal, and the definition of means to achieve it as criminal.

Features of causal relationships are as follows.

1. The cause, producing an action, generates a consequence. Certain conditions are necessary for the action of a cause, but these conditions by themselves are not capable of producing an effect.

2. Causes and effects are sequential in time: the cause always precedes the effect.

3. An effect cannot be the cause of the same cause.

4. The same cause under the same conditions always produces the same effect.

5. The cause is not reduced to the effect, the effect does not give rise to a cause.

The causes of crime are a set of socially negative economic, demographic, ideological, socio-psychological, political, organizational and managerial phenomena that directly generate, produce, reproduce (determine) crime as their consequence. However, speaking about the causes of crime, it is impossible not to say about its conditions. Conditions are such phenomena and processes that in themselves do not give rise to crime, but, accompanying the causes and influencing them, ensure their action, leading to a certain consequence (a set of acts that violate the criminal law).

The study of the causes of crime reveals the nature of this socially negative phenomenon, explains its origin, shows what the existence of crime depends on, what contributes to its preservation, and at the present time to its revival, and what counteracts this. Only on the basis of such knowledge can an effective fight against crime be ensured: to foresee the changes taking place in it, to determine and implement the necessary measures to prevent criminal manifestations and reduce them.

In order to understand the variety of causes and conditions of crime, to more fully identify them in practice and purposefully carry out the necessary measures to eliminate and neutralize them, their proper differentiation and classification are needed. Russian criminologists use various criteria to classify the causes and conditions of crime.

1. Classification according to the level of action (subordination). There are several types of level approach. The first of them reveals the causes and conditions:

▪ crime in general as a specific social phenomenon that exists in specific social conditions and manifests itself in a set of socially dangerous acts - crimes;

▪ various groups (types, categories) of crimes that form structural divisions of crime (intentional and careless, violent and mercenary, etc.);

▪ certain types of crimes (murder, hooliganism, military crimes, etc.).

Another type of tiered approach involves identifying the causes and conditions of crime (in general and its individual structural divisions) at the level of:

▪ the whole society (macro level);

▪ its individual social groups and spheres of public life;

▪ an individual.

At the general social level, the most common causes and conditions are identified that are associated with the very existence of crime in given historical conditions. At the level of social groups, the causes and conditions characteristic of these groups and collectives are recorded. At the individual level, we are talking about the causes and conditions of a particular crime committed by an individual, there is a lot of individual, subjective and situational, sometimes random (personal characteristics, her individual life experience, connections, acquaintances, influences, coincidences, etc.). At the same time, the general social causes and conditions of crime are transformed into individual ones, and the most typical individual causes and conditions are formed into general social ones.

The study of the causes and conditions at the general social and group levels is of scientific and cognitive significance and serves as a practice for the development and organization of a system of social prevention of crime within the framework of the entire state, its individual regions, social groups and collectives.

2. Of great practical importance is the classification of the causes and conditions of crime according to their content. There are determinants of crime:

▪ political;

▪ economic;

▪ ideological;

▪ socio-psychological;

▪ organizational and managerial.

3. Since the causes of crime manifest themselves as such through psychology, the consciousness of people (forming or supporting, reviving or strengthening anti-social views, aspirations and motivations), in the end, crime is always associated with socio-psychological determinants. This is the basis for the psychological classification of the causes and conditions of crime. Socio-psychological phenomena - views, traditions, habits - are often called the subjective determinants of crime, and everything that is outside the individual and affects his psychology is its objective determinants.

Objective are the causes and conditions that exist independently of the will and consciousness of people (the historically determined level of development of society, the economy; natural disasters and other natural phenomena, etc.). The subjective causes and conditions of crime are those determinants that depend on the activities of people, are, as a rule, the result of shortcomings in this activity, errors and omissions (in planning, cultural and educational work, etc.).

4. The causes and conditions of crime can also be distinguished by the direction, the mechanism of their action. Some of them determine the unfavorable moral formation of the personality (deficiencies in family, school, military education, the negative influence of the environment, etc.), others are associated with external conditions and situations in relation to the individual.

The first group of determinants is more related to the causes of crime, the second contains mainly the conditions for committing crimes. Conditions, in turn, are classified into emerging (associated with contradictions in society) and conducive (deficiencies in the prevention system and lack of organization and management).

5. The causes and conditions of crime are also classified in terms of their temporal and spatial prevalence. Here they distinguish:

▪ causes and conditions that operate relatively permanently and temporarily (due to one-time circumstances or events);

▪ causes and conditions that operate throughout the entire territory of the state, in its individual regions and specific zones (republics, port cities, resort areas adjacent to the state border, etc.), as well as those of a local, local nature.

Authors: Vasilchikova N.V., Kukharuk V.V.

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