Криминология. Предмет криминологии (конспект лекций)

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Криминология. Предмет криминологии (конспект лекций)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Topic 1. Subject of criminology

The subject of criminology is crime in all its manifestations, the determination and causes of crime, the susceptibility of crime to various influences. We can say that the subject of study of criminology consists of such components as:

▪ crime;

▪ causes (or causation) of crime;

▪ the identity of the criminal;

▪ crime prevention measures.

One of the main components of criminological science is crime, that is, the totality of many crimes committed in specific historical conditions over a certain period of time. Crime in criminology is considered not as a crime, but as a set of crimes in social reality. Offenses that do not form the composition of crimes, but are closely related to them, are taken into account when analyzing the causes and conditions of various types of crimes.

In the social aspect, crime is subject to certain patterns and is characterized by such quantitative and qualitative indicators as structure, dynamics and level.

When analyzing crime, the following categories are distinguished:

▪ crime (or individual criminal behavior);

▪ certain types of crime, differentiated by the object of encroachment (state, economic, etc.), forms of guilt (intentional, careless);

▪ crime of representatives of various social groups (for example, minors, women, entrepreneurs);

▪ crime in different regions, different spheres of society (economic, political, spiritual);

▪ crime in the state as a whole;

▪ crime of human society at specific stages of its existence.

The causality of crime can be defined as the process of the emergence and origin of crime in society, causality is a social determination and the allocation of producing, causal dependencies in this process. The causes of crime are a combination of social, economic, socio-psychological, political, demographic, ideological and organizational and managerial phenomena that directly generate, reproduce (determine) crime as its consequence. Along with the causes of crime, its conditions are also studied. The conditions of crime are such phenomena and processes that in themselves do not give rise to crime, but, accompanying the causes and influencing them, ensure their action, leading to a certain consequence, namely, a set of acts that violate the criminal law.

The study of the causes of crime helps to reveal its nature, to make obvious the circumstances that determine the existence of crime, contribute to its preservation and development, and helps to identify factors that counteract these processes. Based on such knowledge, it is possible to ensure an effective fight against crime: to foresee its development or decrease, any changes taking place in it, and to take measures to prevent crime.

The most complex component of criminological science is the identity of the offender. The problem of the identity of the offender lies primarily in the fact that the crime as a perfect act of deed and will of a particular person is largely derived from the characteristics and specific features of the personality. We can say that the crime and the offender are closely interconnected, and in the study and knowledge of the personality of the offender, criminological material appears for subsequent work on the prevention of crimes.

The identity of the offender is considered as the ratio of the social and biological in it, it is studied in criminology in the system of socio-demographic, socio-role, socio-psychological properties of the subjects of the crime. There are two criteria for distinguishing the personality of a criminal from the general mass: legal and social.

A legal criterion is the very fact that a criminal has committed a crime, i.e., the identity of the criminal can be defined as the person who committed the crime. From the point of view of a social criterion, a criminal is a person who has some degree of anti-social orientation (orientation) or, at least, certain anti-social features.

Crime prevention is the main component of the subject of criminology, because in the end it is the prevention of the commission of a crime that is the main goal of criminological research. Prevention, or prevention, of crime is an area of social regulation, management and control, pursuing the goal of combating crime on the basis of identifying and eliminating its causes and conditions.

Thus, the content of the subject of criminology is the study and assessment of crime, the identification and study of its main causes; study of the identity of the offender; development of measures and recommendations to combat crime, as well as methodology and methods of criminological research.

Authors: Vasilchikova N.V., Kukharuk V.V.

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