application

Hierarchs of the Catholic Church (popes)

1. Peter (60-67)

2. Lin (67-76)

3. Clet (76-88)

4. Clement I (88-97)

5. Evarist (97-105)

6. Alexander I (105-115)

7. Sixtus I (115-125)

8. Telesphorus (125-136)

9. Igin (136-140)

10. Pius I (140-155)

11. Aniket (155-166)

12. Sauter (166-174)

13. Eleutherius (174-189)

14. Victor I (189-198)

15. Zephyrin (198-217)

16. Calixtus I (217-222)

17. Hippolytus (antipope 217-235)

18. Urban I (222-230)

19. Pontian (230-235)

20. Anter (235-236)

21. Fabian (236-250)

22. Cornelius (251-253)

23. Novatian (antipope 251-258)

24. Lucius I (253-254)

25. Stephen I (254-257)

26. Sixtus II (257-258)

27. Dionysius (259-269)

28. Felix I (270-274)

29. Eutyches (275-283)

30. Guy (283-296)

31. Marcellinus (296-304)

32. Marcellus I (304-309)

33. Eusebius (309-310)

34. Melchiad (311-314)

35. Sylvester I (314-335)

36. Mark (336)

37. Julius I (337-352)

38. Liberius (352-366)

39. Felix II (antipope 355-365)

40. Damasius I (366-384)

41. Ursinus (antipope 366-367, 370-372)

42. Siricius (384-399)

43. Anastasius I (399-401)

44. Innocent I (401-417)

45. Zosima (417-418)

46. ​​Boniface I (418-422)

47. Eulalius (antipope 418-419)

48. Celestine I (422-432)

49. Sixtus III (432-440)

50. Leo I the Great (440-461)

51. Hilarius (461-468)

52. Simplicius (468-483)

53. Felix III (483-492)

54. Gelasius I (492-496)

55. Anastasius II (496-498)

56. Symmachus (498-514)

57. Lawrence (antipope 498, 501-505)

58. Hormizd (514-523)

59. John I (523-526)

60. Felix IV (526-530).

61. Boniface II (530-532)

62. Dioscorus (antipope 530)

63. John II (532-535)

64. Agapius I (535-536)

65. Silverius (536-537)

66. Vigilius (537-555)

67. Pelagius I (556-561)

68. John III (561-573)

69. Benedict I (574-579)

70. Pelagius II (579-590)

71. Gregory I the Great (590-604)

72. Sabinian (604-606)

73. Boniface III (607)

74. Boniface IV (608-615)

75. Adeodates I (615-618)

76. Boniface V (619-625)

77. Honorius I (625-638)

78. Severin (640)

79. John IV (640-642)

80. Theodore I (642-649)

81. Martin I (649-653)

82. Eugene I (654-657)

83. Vitaliy (657-672)

84. Adeodate II (672-676)

85. Domne (676-678)

86. Agathon (678-681)

87. Leo II (681-683)

88. Benedict II (684-685)

89. John V (685-686)

90. Conon (686-687)

91. Theodore (antipope 687)

92. Paschal (antipope 687)

93. Sergius I (687-701)

94. John VI (701-705)

95. John VII (705-707)

96. Sisinniy (708)

97. Constantine (708-715)

98. Gregory II (715-731)

99. Gregory III (731-741)

100. Zechariah (741-752)

101. Stephen (752).

102. Stephen II (752-757)

103. Paul I (757-767)

104. Constantine (antipope 767-768)

105. Philip (antipope 768)

106. Stephen III (768-772)

107. Adrian I (772-795)

108. Leo III (795-816)

109. Stephen IV (816-817)

110. Paschal I (817-824)

111. Eugene II (824-827)

112. Valentine (827)

113. Gregory IV (827-844)

114. John (antipope 844)

115. Sergius II (844-847)

116. Leo IV (847-855)

117. Anastasius (antipope 855)

118. Benedict III (855-858)

119. Nicholas I the Great (858-867)

120. Adrian II (867-872)

121. John VIII (872-882)

122. Marin I (882-884)

123. Adrian III (884-885)

124. Stephen V (885-891)

125. Formoses (891-896)

126. Boniface VI (896)

127. Stephen VI (896-897)

128. Romance (897)

129. Theodore II (897)

130. John IX (898-900)

131. Benedict IV (900-903)

132. Leo V (903)

133. Christopher (antipope 903-904)

134. Sergius III (904-911)

135. Anastasius III (911-913)

136. Landon (913-914)

137. John x (914-928)

138. Leo VI (928)

139. Stephen VII (928-931)

140. John XI (931-935)

141. Leo VII (936-939)

142. Stephen VIII (939-942)

143. Marin II (942-946)

144. Agapius II (946-955)

145. John XII (955-964)

146. Leo VIII (964-965)

147. Benedict V (antipope 964-966)

148. John XIII (965-972)

149. Benedict VI (973-974)

150. Domnus (antipope 974)

151. Boniface VII (antipope 974, 984-985)

152. Benedict VII (974-983)

153. John XIV (983-984)

154. John XV (985-996)

155. Gregory V (996-999)

156. John XVI (antipope 997-998)

157. Sylvester II (999-1003)

158. John XVII (1003)

159. John XVIII (1004-1009)

160. Sergius IV (1009-1012)

161. Gregory (antipope 1012)

162. Benedict VIII (1012-1024)

163. John XIX (1024-1032)

164. Benedict IX (1032-1044, 1045, 1047-1048)

165. Sylvester III (1045)

166. Gregory VI (1045-1046)

167. Clement II (1046-1047)

168. Damasius II (1048)

169. Leo IX (1049-1054)

170. Victor II (1055-1057)

171. Stephen IX (1057-1058)

172. Benedict x (antipope 1058-1059)

173. Nicholas II (1059-1061)

174. Honorius II (antipope 1061-1072)

175. Alexander II (1061-1073)

176. Gregory VII (1073-1085)

177. Clement III (antipope 1084-1100)

178. Victor III (1086-1087)

179. Urban II (1088-1099)

180. Paschal II (1099-1118)

181. Sylvester IV (antipope 1105-1106)

182. Theodoric (antipope 1100)

183. Albert (antipope 1102)

184. Gelasius (1118-1119)

185. Gregory VIII (antipope 1118-1121)

186. Calixtus II (1119-1124)

187. Celestine II (antipope 1124)

188. Honorius II (1124-1130)

189. Innocent II (1130-1143)

190. Anaclete II (antipope 1130-1138)

191. Victor IV (antipope 1138, 1159-1164)

192. Celestine II (1143-1144)

193. Lucius II (1144-1145)

194. Eugene III (1145-1153)

195. Anastasius IV (1153-1154)

196. Adrian IV (1154-1159)

197. Alexander III (1159-1181)

198. Victor IV (antipope 1159-1164)

199. Paschal III (antipope 1164-1168)

200. Calixtus III (antipope 1164-1178)

201. Innocent III (antipope 1179-1180)

202. Lucius III (1181-1185)

203. Urban III (1185-1187)

204. Gregory VIII (1187)

205. Clement III (1187-1191)

206. Celestine III (1191-1198)

207. Innocent III (1198-1216)

208. Honorius III (1216-1227)

209. Gregory IX (1227-1241)

210. Celestine IV (1241)

211. Innocent IV (1243-1254)

212. Alexander IV (1254-1261)

213. Urban IV (1261-1264)

214. Clement IV (1265-1268)

215. Gregory x (1271-1276)

216. Innocent V (1276)

217. Adrian V (1276)

218. John XXI (1276-1277)

219. Nicholas III (1277-1280)

220. Martin IV (1281-1285)

221. Honorius IV (1285-1287)

222. Nicholas IV (1288-1292)

223. Celestine V (1294)

224. Boniface VIII (1294-1303)

225. Benedict XI (1303-1304)

226. Clement V (1305-1314)

227. John XXII (1316-1334)

228. Nicholas V (antipope 1328-1330)

229. Benedict XII (1334-1342)

230. Clement VI (1342-1352)

231. Innocent VI (1352-1362)

232. Urban V (1362-1370)

233. Gregory XI (1370-1378)

234. Urban VI (1378-1389)

235. Clement VII (antipope 1378-1394)

236. Boniface IX (1389-1404)

237. Innocent VII (1404-1406)

238. Benedict XIII (antipope 1394-1409)

239. Gregory XII (1406-1415)

240. Alexander V (antipope 1409-1410)

241. John XXIII (antipope 1410-1415)

242. Martin V (1417-1431)

243. Benedict XIV (antipope 1424)

244. Clement VIII (antipope 1423-1429)

245. Eugene IV (1431-1447)

246. Felix V (antipope 1439-1449)

247. Nicholas V (1447-1455)

248. Calixtus III (1455-1458)

249. Pius II (1458-1464)

250. Paul II (1464-1471)

251. Sixtus IV (1471-1484)

252. Innocent VIII (1484-1492)

253. Alexander VI (1492-1503)

254. Pius III (1503)

255. Julius II (1503-1513)

256. Leo x (1513-1521)

257. Adrian VI (1522-1523)

258. Clement VII (1523-1534)

259. Paul III (1534-1549)

260. Julius III (1550-1555)

261. Marcellus II (1555)

262. Paul IV (1555-1559)

263. Pius IV (1559-1565)

264. Pius V (1566-1572)

265. Gregory XIII (1572-1585)

266. Sixtus V (1585-1590)

267. Urban VII (1590)

268. Gregory XIV (1590-1591)

269. Innocent IX (1591)

270. Clement VIII (1592-1605)

271. Leo XI (1605)

272. Paul V (1605-1621)

273. Gregory XV (1621-1623)

274. Urban VII (1623-1644)

275. Innocent x (1644-1645)

276. Alexander VII (1655-1667)

277. Clement IX (1667-1669)

278. Clement x (1670-1676)

279. Innocent XI (1676-1689)

280. Alexander VIII (1689-1691)

281. Innocent XII (1691-1700)

282. Clement XI (1700-1721)

283. Innocent XIII (1721-1724)

284. Benedict XIII (1724-1730)

285. Clement XII (1730-1740)

286. Benedict XIV (1740-1758)

287. Clement XIII (1758-1769)

288. Clement XIV (1769-1774)

289. Pius VI (1775-1799)

290. Pius VII (1800-1823)

291. Leo XII (1823-1829)

292. Pius VIII (1829-1830)

293. Gregory XVI (1831-1846)

294. Pius IX (1846-1878)

295. Leo XIII (1878-1903)

296. Pius x (1903-1914)

297. Benedict XV (1914-1922)

298. Pius XI (1922-1939)

299. Pius XII (1939-1958)

300. John XXIII (1958-1963)

301. Paul VI (1963-1978)

302. John Paul I (1978)

303. John Paul II (1978-2005)

304. Benedict XVI (since 2005)

Supreme hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church (metropolitans, from 988 - in Kyiv, from 1299 - in Vladimir, from 1324 - in Moscow, from 1589 - patriarchs)

1. Theophylact (988-1018)

2. John I (1018-1037)

3. Theopempt (1037-1051)

4. Hilarion (1051-1071)

5. George (1071-1080)

6. John II the Good (1080-1089)

7. Ефрем (1089-1091, 1095-98)

8. John III Skopets (1090-1091)

9. Theodore I (1091-1095)

10. Nicholas (1098-1101)

11. Nicephorus (1104-1121)

12. Nikita (1121-1126)

13. Michael (1130-1147)

14. Kliment Smolyatich (1147-1156)

15. Constantine I (1156-1159)

16. Theodore II (1160-1163)

17. John IV (1164-1166)

18. Constantine II (1167-1177)

19. Nicephorus (1182-1198)

20. Matthew (1210-1219)

21. Cyril (1225-1233)

22. Joseph (1237-1240)

23. Cyril (1242-1281)

24. Maximus (1283-1305)

25. Peter (1308-1326)

26. Theognost (1328-1353)

27. Alexei (1354-1378)

28. Киприан (1380-1382, 1390-1406)

29. Michael (Mityai) (1384-1389)

30. Photius (1409-1431)

31. Isidore (1437-1441)

32. Jonah (1446-1461)

33. Theodosius (1461-1464)

34. Philip (1464-1473)

35. Gerontius (1473-1489)

36. Zosima (1490-1494)

37. Simon (1495-1511)

38. Varlaam (1511-1521)

39. Daniel (1522-1539)

40. Josaph (1539-1542)

41. Macarius (1542-1563)

42. Athanasius (1564-1566)

43. Philip (1566-1568)

44. Cyril (1568-1572)

45. Anthony (1572-1581)

46. Dionysius (1581-1586)

47. Job (1586-1605)

48. Hermogenes (1606-1611)

49. Ignatius (1611-1612)

50. Philaret (1612-1633)

51. Joasaph I (1634-1640)

52. Joseph (1642-1652)

53. Nikon (1651-1666)

54. Joasaph II (1667-1672)

55. Pitirim (1672-1673)

56. Joachim (1674-1690)

57. Adrian (1690-1700)

58. Stefan Yavorsky (locum tenens, 1700-1721)

59. Holy Governing Synod (1721-1917)

60. Tikhon (1917-1925)

61. Sergius (1925-1944)

62. Alexy I (1945-1970)

63. Pimen (1971-1990)

64. Alexy II (since 1990)

References

1. Amusin I. D. Qumran community. Moscow: Nauka, 1983.

2. Bongard-Levin G. M., Ilyin G. F. India in antiquity. M .: Main edition of Eastern literature, 1985.

3. Garaja V. I. Protestantism. Moscow: Politizdat, 1971.

4. Grigulevich I. R. Inquisition. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1985.

5. Donini A. At the origins of Christianity (from birth to Justinian). M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1979.

6. Dyakonov I. M. Archaic myths of the West and East. M.: Editorial URSS, 2004.

7. Ioannesyan Yu. A. The Baha'i Faith. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-klassika, 2003.

8. Islam. Problems of ideology, law, politics and economics / ed. G. F. Kim. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.

9. History of the Ancient World / ed. I. M. Dyakonova, V. D. Neronova, I. S. Sventsitskaya. M.: Nauka, 1983. T. 3.

10. Kosidovsky Z. Tales of the Evangelists. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1977.

11. Kryvelev I. A. History of religions: In 2 vols. M.: Thought, 1988.

12. Laitman M. Kabbalah - basic provisions. Novosibirsk, 1993.

13. Levi-Strauss K. Structural Anthropology. Moscow: Eksmo-Press, 2001.

14. Lozinsky S. G. History of the papacy. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1986.

15. Martynov A. S. Confucianism: the classical period. St. Petersburg: Azbuka-Klassik, 2006.

16. Molchanov A. A. Perseids - Heraclides - Temenides: the idea of ​​continuous dynastic legitimacy in the official genealogies of ancient monarchs // Ancient states of Eastern Europe. 2002. M.: Eastern Literature, 2003. S. 151-159.

17. Naletova I. V. "New Orthodox" in Russia: type or stereotype of religiosity // Sotsis, 2004. No. 5. P. 130-136.

18. Osokin N. Heretical beliefs // History of heresies M.: AST, 2004.

19. The Tale of Bygone Years / ed. V. P. Adrianov-Peretz. M.: Nauka, 1950. Part I.

20. Propp V. Ya. Historical roots of a fairy tale. L.: Akademia, 1946.

21. Cancer I.V. Myths of Ancient Egypt. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 1993.

22. Ranovich A. B. Primary sources on the history of early Christianity. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1990.

23. Rapov O. M. Russian Church in the IX - the first third of the XII century. Moscow: Higher school, 1988.

24. Rezvan E. A. Koran and its interpretations (Text, translations, comments). SPb., 2000.

25. Renan E. Essays on the History of Religion // Classics of World Religious Studies. M.: Kanon, 1996. S. 268-286.

26. Russian Orthodoxy: milestones of history. M., 1989.

27. Sventsitskaya I. S. Early Christianity: pages of history. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1987.

28. Filatov S. B. New birth of an old idea: Orthodoxy as a national symbol // Polis, 1999. No. 3. P. 138-149.

29. Freud Z. Totem and taboo // Freud Z. "I" and "It". Works of different years. Book. 1. Tbilisi: Merani, 1991, pp. 193-350.

30. Fraser J. J. The Golden Bough. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1983.

31. Shakhnazarov OL The role of Christianity in the political life of Western Europe.

32. Jung K. G. Divine child. Moscow: Renaissance, 1997.

33. Laoust H. Les Chimes dans l'Islam. P., 1965.

34 Marett RR Threshold of Religion. London, 1914. P. 31.

35 Schmidt W. Der Ursprung der Gottesidee. Vena, 1912-1955 (12 vols.).

Notes

1. Fragments of early Greek philosophers. 4.1. From epic theocosmogony to the rise of atomism. M.: Nauka, 1989. S. 172.

2. See: Chanyshev A.N. A course of lectures on ancient and medieval philosophy. M.: Higher school, 1991. S. 118.

3. Ibid. S. 499.

4. See: Holbach P.-A. Selected works. T. 1. M.: Nauka, 1963. S. 189-190.

5. See: Müller M. Introduction to the Science of Religion // Classics of World Religious Studies. M.: Kanon, 1996. S. 36-37.

6. Evans-Pritchard E. Theories of primitive religion. M.: OGI, 2004. S. 29.

7. See: Marx K. Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 // Marx K., Engels F. Sobr. op. T. 42. S. 41-174.

8. See: Engels F. The origin of the family, private property and the state. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1986.

9. The term "primitive" in religious studies does not carry a derogatory connotation, but serves as the name of the primary stage in the formation of religious ideas.

10. In Russian, excerpts from this book are available in the publication: Tylor E. B. Myth and ritual in primitive culture. Smolensk: Rusich, 2000.

11. See: Tylor E. B. Ibid. S. 143.

12. Lang A. The Making of Religion. London, 1898. P. 2.

13. In Judaism, the coming deliverer of the Jews from foreign oppressors was called the Messiah, whose coming would mean the establishment of the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth.

14. The proposition about the existence of a primitive horde was borrowed by Freud from the Scottish anthropologist and historian of religion William Robertson-Smith (1846-1894). For more details, see: Robertson-Smith W. Lectures on the religion of the Semites // Classics of World Religious Studies. M.: Kanon, 1996. S. 305-308.

15. For more details, see: AI Zaitsev Greek religion and mythology. SPb. - M .: "Academy", 2005. S. 39.

16. Durkheim, E. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. London: George Alien & UnwinLtd, 1976.P. eleven.

17. See: Evans-Pritchard E. Theories of primitive religion. pp. 72-73.

18. In Russian, there is a tradition of translating this name as "Sacred". For more details, see: Krasnikov A. N. Methodology of the classical phenomenology of religion // Bulletin of Moscow State University. Series 7. Philosophy. 2004. No. 1. S. 74-97.

19. See: Eliade M. Sacred and mundane. Moscow: Moscow University Press, 1994, pp. 10-12.

20. See: Dumézil J. Supreme gods of the Indo-Europeans. Moscow: Nauka, 1986.

21. See: Hook S. Mythology of the Middle East. M.: CJSC Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. S. 7-13.

22. Now these texts have been published in Russian (see: E. W. Badge, Egyptian Book of the Dead. M. - St. Petersburg, 2004).

23. See: Herodotus. Story. M.: Nauka, 1972. S. 157.

24. See: The Epic of Gilgamesh//Poetry and Prose of the Ancient East. M. Fiction, 1973. S. 28-50.

25. For more details, see: Boyce M. Zoroastrians. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.

26. See: Zolotarev A. M. Primitive mythology. M.: Thought, 1964. S. 276-278.

27. See: Tokarev SA Religion in the history of the peoples of the world. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1976. S. 342-343.

28. It is in this capacity that Athena acts in the Iliad, intervening in the course of the battle if one of her favorites is in danger.

29. See: Tokarev S.A. Decree. op. S. 240.

30. See: Tibetan Book of the Dead / ed. C. G. Jung. M.: FAIR-PRESS, 2001.

31. See: Rothermundt G. Buddhismus fur die moderne Welt. Stuttgart, 1979. P. 13.

32. See: Frazer J. Folklore in the Old Testament. M.: Publishing house of political literature, 1989. S. 207-242.

33. From domestic researchers, I. A. Kryvelev adhered to a similar point of view (see: Kryvelev I. A. Bible: historical and critical analysis. M .: Publishing house of political literature, 1982).

34. Op. according to Reale D., Antiseri D. Western philosophy from its origins to the present day. T. 2. Middle Ages. St. Petersburg: Petropolis, 1994, p. 83.

35. The falsity of this charter was proven in the 1407th century. Italian humanist and philosopher Lorenzo Valla (1457-XNUMX).

36. In 1965, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople took a step towards the reconciliation of the warring churches, abolishing mutual condemnations, but the process of uniting Christianity stopped there.

37. Op. Quoted from: Taxil L. Sacred nativity scene. M .: Publishing house of political literature, 1988. S. 212.

38. See: Eckhart M. Spiritual preaching and reasoning. M.: Renaissance, 1991. S. 38.

39. Horuzhy S.S. Hesychasm and history // After the break. Ways of Russian Philosophy. St. Petersburg: Aleteyya, 1994. S. 422-423.

40. The famous German historian Otto Rahn connects the emergence of the legend of the Holy Grail with the activities of the Cathars, which was called upon to set out in allegorical form the main provisions of their teachings (see: Rahn O. Crusade against the Grail. M .: ACT, 2002. S. 65- 72).

41. James 5:16.

42. Weber M. Selected works. M.: Progress, 1990. S. 63.

43. For more details, see: Golubinsky E. History of the Russian Church. M.: Sabashnikov Publishing House, 1901. T. I. Part I. S. 59.

44. It should be noted that Prince Vladimir was not the pioneer of the religious method of reconciling contradictions. With much greater success, the creation of a single divine pantheon from the supreme deities of individual tribes or social communities was demonstrated by ancient Greek and ancient Roman societies.

45. Golubinsky E. Decree. op. pp. 175-176.

46. ​​SprengerA. Das Lebenund die Lehre des Mohammad. bd. I. Berlin, 1961. S. 207.

47. According to one of the papal encyclicals, not only were personal contacts between Protestants and Catholics forbidden, but a strict ban was imposed on theological disputes between them.

48. Losev A. F. Daring of the spirit. M.: Thought, 1990. S. 85.

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Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Tallest Autonomous Vegetable Farm 07.12.2023 In the southwestern Chinese province of Sichuan, a unique agricultural structure has been put into operation - the world's tallest unmanned vertical farm. The launch of China's tallest unmanned vertical farm not only highlights the pursuit of technological innovation in agriculture, but also reflects the importance of ensuring food security amid global challenges. The effectiveness of such agritech solutions becomes key to ensuring a sustainable food supply in the future. This innovative initiative aims to achieve food self-sufficiency for 1,4 billion Chinese people and comes amid geopolitical tensions that could affect imports and supply chains. Vertical farms, successfully used in Japan, Singapore and the United States, are efficient agricultural technology systems that enable year-round food production in multi-story structures. They can function successfully in a variety of environments, from urban areas to deserts, providing a stable supply of food in areas where traditional farming is ineffective.

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