Computer science. Conventions (lecture notes)

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Computer science. Conventions (lecture notes)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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Table of contents (expand)

Symbols
General theoretical foundations of computer science (The concept of computer science. The concept of information. Information coding system. Coding of text information. Coding of graphic information. Coding of audio information. Modes and methods of information transmission. Information technology. Stages of development of information technology. The emergence of computers and computer technologies. The evolution of the development of personal computers. The structure of modern computing systems)
Computer technologies for information processing (Classification and design of computers. Computer architecture. Memory in personal computers. The concept of command and system software of a computer. Basic input-output system (BIOS). The concept of CMOS RAM)
Hardware and software architecture of IBM compatible technologies (Microprocessors. Motherboards. Buses, interfaces. Control tools for external devices. Information storage devices. Video controllers and monitors. Information input devices. Information output devices. Information transmission devices. Other peripheral devices)
Fundamentals of user work in the operating environment of a personal computer (Operating systems. Classification of software. Purpose of operating systems. Evolution and characteristics of operating systems. Operating system of new technologies. WINDOWS NT architecture. Installation of WINDOWS NT. Registry and configuration of the WINDOWS NT operating system. Features of the WINDOWS 2000 operating system. Network operating systems. Family UNIX operating systems. Linux operating system. Novell family of network operating systems)
Fundamentals of work in the environment of local and global computer networks (Evolution of computer networks. Basic software and hardware components of the network. Types of local networks. Organization of the domain structure of the network. Multi-level approach. Protocol. Interface. Protocol stack. Organization of accounts. Management of user groups. Management of security policy. Management of network resources. Network services. Tools that ensure interaction with other network operating systems. Organization of work in a hierarchical network. Organization of peer-to-peer networks and technology for working in them. Modem types of networks. Installing and configuring a modem. Organizing a connection with a remote personal computer. Working with switching programs. Working with fax machines. modem)
Internet networks (The emergence of the Internet. Possibilities of the Internet. Software for working on the Internet. Transfer of information on the Internet. Addressing system. Addressing and protocols on the Internet. Problems of working on the Internet with Cyrillic texts. Establishing a connection with a provider (entrance to the Internet). World Wide Web , or WORLD WIDE WEB. Intranet. Creating a Web page using Front Page. File information resources FTP. Electronic mail (E-mail). News or conferences. E-commerce. Online store. Internet payment systems. Internet auctions. . Internet banking. Internet insurance. Internet exchange. Internet marketing. Internet advertising)
Fundamentals of working with general purpose applications (Definition of application programs. Text editors. Spreadsheet processors. The concept of shell programs. Graphic editors. The concept and structure of a data bank. Organizer programs. Presentation preparation programs. Working on the Internet with MS OFFICE applications. Stages of solving problems using a computer)
Specialized professionally oriented software tools (Information systems of organizational and economic management. Modern information technologies in systems of organizational and economic management. Information systems of organizational and economic management. Office activities in systems of organizational and economic management. Organizational, technical and peripheral means of information systems. The concept of business graphics. Use of graphics in business. Business graphics program MS GRAPH. General characteristics of the technology for creating application software. Application software. Technology of system design of software. Modern methods and tools for developing application software)
Fundamentals of algorithmization and programming (Concept of an algorithm. Programming systems. Classification of high-level programming languages. VBA system. VBA programming language)
Fundamentals of information security (Information protection as a pattern of development of computer systems. Objects and elements of protection in computer data processing systems. Means of identification and access control to information. Cryptographic method of information protection. Computer viruses. Anti-virus programs. Protection of software products. Ensuring data security on an offline computer. Security data in an interactive environment)
Database (The concept of a database. Database management systems. Hierarchical, network and relational data representation models. Post-relational, multidimensional and object-oriented data representation models. Classifications of database management systems. Database access languages. Internet databases)

Symbols

ALU - arithmetic logic unit.

ACS - automated control systems.

ADC - analog-to-digital converters.

LSI is a large integrated circuit.

VZU - external storage device.

Memory is a storage device.

IPS - information retrieval systems.

HDD is a hard disk drive.

RAM is a random access memory.

OP - RAM.

OS - operating system.

ROM is read only memory.

PC - personal computers.

PPO - application software.

PPP - a package of applied programs.

CAD - computer-aided design system.

DBMS - database management system.

UU - control device.

CPU - central processing unit.

DAC - digital-to-analogue converters.

COMPUTER - electronic computers.

Author: Kozlova I.S.

>> Forward: General theoretical foundations of computer science (The concept of computer science. The concept of information. Information coding system. Coding of text information. Coding of graphic information. Coding of audio information. Modes and methods of information transmission. Information technology. Stages of development of information technology. The emergence of computers and computer technologies. The evolution of the development of personal computers. The structure of modern computing systems)

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When detour doesn't help 13.12.2010

What to do if a congestion of cars regularly paralyzes traffic on a busy highway? It would seem that the answer is obvious: we need to build another road. But it was not there.

According to a paradox formulated in 1968 by the German mathematician Dietrich Brass, an additional road will not help solve the transport problem at all. It will only increase the time that motorists spend on the passage of a problematic section of the highway. If mathematical ignorance prevails and an additional road is nevertheless built, the only right decision is to get rid of it as soon as possible, returning the transport network to its former structure.

Indeed, there have been real cases (in Seoul, Stuttgart, New York and other major cities) where the closure of a newly built bypass speeds up traffic and reduces traffic jams.

The transport collapse of recent years forced mathematicians from the University of Massachusetts (USA) to return to the well-known paradox again. Calculations have shown that in modern conditions, when the accumulation of cars in big cities has reached a certain level, the new road will not worsen traffic in any way - it will simply not be used.

According to scientists, drivers will change their habits and stop using obviously hopeless routes. But at traffic densities below a certain level, bypass roads are useful. Interestingly, the patterns found by mathematicians apply to any network through which something moves, from plumbing to the Internet.

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