Topic 8. Specialized professionally oriented software tools

8.1. Information systems of organizational and economic management

A system is an organized set that forms an integral unity, which is aimed at achieving a specific goal.

The purpose of the system of organizational and economic management is the optimization of organizational management, i.e., ensuring the maximum economic efficiency of its activities within a specific area of ​​activity (achieving the maximum difference between income and costs). These systems differ from organizational management systems in other areas (in particular, health care, public education), where other goals are pursued: ensuring a high life expectancy and health of the population, a quality level of education, etc.

The task of organizational management is the disaggregation of management functions within the organization.

Management functions in organizational and economic management systems are classified as follows:

1) by management stages - forecasting, analysis of production and economic activities, medium-term planning, short-term planning, operational management, audit, accounting, etc.;

2) types of production and economic activities - the main production, logistics, auxiliary production, transport, capital construction, financing, accounting, social development, etc.;

3) management levels - ministry, association (firm), enterprise (organization), workshop (department), which includes individual jobs of the performer, etc.

The formation of management functions is carried out taking into account the three main features of the functional specification. In the production sphere of activity, the allocation of management functions most often corresponds to the elements of the production process.

Control features include:

1) management of material resources;

2) human resource management;

3) financial resource management, etc.

In order to formulate tasks, the characteristics of the corresponding control functions are used, among which there are three more features that characterize the task itself:

1) belonging to a specific control object;

2) technological method for solving the problem;

3) the result of management activities.

Logistics functions can be implemented when solving the following problems:

1) planning the need for material resources;

2) concluding contracts with suppliers;

3) operational control over the execution of supply contracts;

4) accounting for supplies and settlements with suppliers, etc.

Management is a purposeful impact of the controls on the managed object and is a function of the system, which is focused either on maintaining its main quality in a changing environment, or on the implementation of some target program that ensures the stability of its functioning when a certain goal is achieved. There is another definition, according to which management is a function of organized systems, which ensures the preservation of their structure, maintenance of the mode of activity, the implementation of its program, goals.

Information is a measure of the elimination of uncertainty about the outcome of an event of interest.

Data are material objects of arbitrary form, acting as a means of providing information. Information is otherwise called knowledge about a particular subject, process or phenomenon.

Effective management of economic systems is impossible without the availability and analysis of information, processing of available data. This function is taken over by special software that helps to effectively carry out the control function.

8.2. Modern information technologies in organizational and economic management systems

The system of methods of processing, manufacturing, changing the state, properties, form of raw materials, materials or semi-finished products, which are carried out in the process of producing the final product, is called technology.

In practice, technology characterizes what, how and how much to do to obtain a material or thing with desired properties. From a scientific point of view, technology is the science of the laws of implementation of purposeful influences in various spheres of human activity. Determining the patterns of construction of production processes, the transition from the logical construction of projects to the processes of manufacturing finished products with useful functions and properties is the task of technology as a science.

Information technologies are technological processes that cover the information activities of managerial employees, which is associated with the preparation and adoption of managerial decisions.

The peculiarity of information technologies is that they include the processes of collecting, transmitting, storing and processing information in all its possible forms. Such types of manifestation include textual, graphic, visual, speech information, etc.

The development of new technical means, the discovery of new concepts and means of organizing data, their transmission, storage and processing leads to the constant development and improvement of information technologies. To ensure effective interaction of end users with the computer system, new information technologies use a fundamentally different organization of the user interface with the computer system. Such a system is called a friendly interface system and is expressed as follows:

1) the user's right to make a mistake is ensured by protecting the information and computing resources of the system from unprofessional actions on the computer;

2) there is a wide range of hierarchical menus, hint and training systems, etc., which facilitate the process of user interaction with the computer;

3) there is a "rollback" system that allows, when performing a regulated action, the consequences of which for some reason did not satisfy the user, to return to the previous state of the system.

The knowledge base is the most important element of the expert system, which is created at the workplace of a management specialist. Such a base is a store of knowledge in a particular area of ​​professional activity and acts as an assistant in the analysis of the economic situation in the process of developing a managerial decision.

Now information technologies in the field of organizational and economic management are developing in certain main areas, thanks to which it is possible to increase the efficiency of their use. Among these areas are:

▪ intensifying the role of management specialists in preparing and solving problems of economic management;

▪ personalization of computing based on the use of a computer and related software and tools;

▪ improvement of intelligent interface systems for end users at different levels;

▪ combination of information and computing resources using computer networks of various levels;

▪ development of comprehensive measures to protect information and computing resources from unauthorized access and distortion.

Ensuring the greatest economic efficiency from the use of information technologies in the field of organizational management can be achieved in the case of the creation of automated information systems.

8.3. Information systems of organizational and economic management

In order to reveal the concept of "information system", one should proceed from two aspects:

1) the purpose of the creation and operation of the information system. Here, each information system should supply information that helps to remove uncertainty from management and other interested parties when approving management and other decisions regarding the facility;

2) taking into account the real conditions in which the goal is achieved, i.e., all external and internal factors that determine the specific features, the individuality of the object.

The information system of an object is a complex of interrelated components. These components describe various aspects of the information activity of the object in the implementation of management functions within its organizational and managerial structure.

To separate information systems, classification criteria were previously adopted according to the degree of automation of functions:

▪ information and reference (factual);

▪ informational and advisory (documentary);

▪ information managers.

At the moment, this division is perceived somewhat simplified. This is due to a number of reasons.

1. The principles of associative search using semantic maps can be the basis for the functioning of modern factographic systems. The main thing that such systems have in common with elementary factographic systems is that they provide the output of only the information available.

2. Based on the available information, documentary systems form one or more possible solutions, and the final choice is left to the human user. The choice of such systems is extremely wide: from solving elementary problems of direct counting and multivariant optimization problems to expert systems.

3. Information management systems are considered the highest level of automation and can use algorithms that are quite easy to implement, for example, automatic notification of suppliers (payers, debtors) by comparing the current date and all actual receipts at the current time with those planned for that moment.

In reality, such systems can function not only independently, but also jointly, complementing each other.

The fundamental classification of information systems in the field of organizational management can be supplemented with the following classification:

1) according to the method of automation of controls:

▪ autonomous automated workstations for management specialists;

▪ autonomous local networks that unite functionally interconnected automated workstations of managers;

▪ a unified network of the organization, including its parent structures and geographically remote branches;

2) by types of automated management functions:

▪ functional (automating accounting, personnel, planning management functions, etc.);

▪ administrative (automating office work, document flow, etc.);

▪ comprehensive (covering all types of management activities);

3) by level of specialization:

▪ specialized;

▪ adaptive universal;

▪ general management;

4) by the nature of the relationship with the external information environment:

▪ closed (without automated interaction with external information systems);

▪ open (with access to publicly accessible information systems);

▪ extrasystems (fully functionally interacting with a certain range of external information systems).

8.4. Office activities in organizational and economic management systems

The concept of an office includes material and organizational aspects, while in the first case we mean premises and equipment, and in the second - the forms and structure of management. The office is most often either an independent institution, or may be part of a larger organizational structure. The peculiarity of the work of the office is that it is a source not only of final information services, but also of decisions that limit the behavior of people or the distribution of material resources. The main task of the office is to develop solutions that have value for the client. In addition, the office is an information enterprise that transforms information resources into information products.

The process of using computer and other organizational equipment in the office includes several stages: traditional office, production office, electronic office.

The traditional office consists of a relatively small team of people with a fairly wide range of responsibilities. The typical composition of work operations in the office includes: preparing materials, printing, maintaining file cabinets, reconciling documents, working with mail, searching for information, maintaining information funds, performing calculations, conducting business conversations on the phone, working at the terminal.

The production office is characterized by large volumes of the same type of work, its clear formalization, and a rigid distribution of employee functions. In such an office, the essence of automation lies in the formation and maintenance of large information funds, their systematization, and the production of data samples.

An electronic office is a realization of the concept of comprehensive use of computer and communication tools in office activities while developing the traditions of previous forms of activity. The main functions and means of the electronic office are: providing access to documents without their duplication on paper; acceptance of documents, their control and execution; remote and joint work of employees on a document, e-mail; personal data processing; preparation of documents and their reproduction; exchange of information between databases; automation of control over document management; organization of electronic document management; information support for decision making; participation in meetings using remote access tools; work with automated information systems, etc. With the help of e-mail, PCs and computer networks, an electronic office is able to expand the range of direct interaction between people, without requiring them to actually be in the same room.

The nature and purpose of the organization's activity is influenced by its information system, the type of information product produced and processed. If the organization's task is to produce an information product in the form of documents, then for it the most important element of activity is the storage of information related to the specifics of the activity and necessary for making managerial decisions. Such information organizations include, for example, notary offices, travel agencies, news agencies. For supply and sales offices, it is important to know the sales markets, product manufacturers, and product prices. The main information needs of offices can be met with the help of standard hardware and software tools, including software tools for textual, tabular and graphical information processing, PCs and tools for online reproduction of documentation, and electronic communication tools.

8.5. Organizational, technical and peripheral means of information systems

Any information system must have adequate means of collecting primary data that accurately reflect the state of the subject area and the processes taking place in it. In financial and credit organizations, the amount of loans issued is calculated, the amount of interest payable is determined, and the number of banknotes is calculated. At industrial enterprises, the amount of raw materials and materials received from outside is calculated; time spent on the operation of production and transport equipment; electricity consumption, etc.

When conducting economic or administrative activities, it is necessary to fix the properties inherent in the object on which the action is performed. The object must be identified, measured, determined in time, marked with additional specific characteristics. The identifier may be the inventory number of the production equipment.

Each of the processes of obtaining and short-term storage of data can be implemented using various technical means. Measuring instruments and counters are used to calculate physical quantities, and recorders, information to which can be received automatically from sensors, record and control the operation of equipment, the state of climatic and chemical processes, etc. As a comprehensive means of collecting and recording primary data, you can use specialized automated information collection systems and PC.

The means of registering information and creating documents include copiers, printers, etc. Among the main technical characteristics of copiers, there are: copying speed; maximum size of original and copy; the admissibility of scaling; the presence of an automatic paper feeder and the possibility of automatic layout of copies; guaranteed amount of copying.

Means of information storage include office equipment (storage of paper documents), file cabinets, cabinets or racks of various designs (storage of folders), special boxes, cases, boxes (storage of machine media), etc.

Means of operational communication and information transfer provide information exchange processes both between internal objects of the organization and with external ones. Intra- and inter-institutional means of communication and information transmission allow the reproduction and forwarding of messages in speech, visual, sound and documented forms. Among them are telephone and fax machines, pagers, video monitoring and recording installations and systems, etc.

Document processing facilities include machines for bookbinding, physical destruction of documents, applying protective coatings to documents, sorting, counting documents and other technological procedures.

Folding and collating machines, cutting and fastening devices are used to automate bookbinding and bookbinding. Folding machines help in preparing documents for folding into envelopes or notebooks; collating machines allow you to mechanize the selection of documents; cutting devices are divided into paper cutting equipment and envelope opening devices. Trade enterprises often use electronic cash registers and cash registers.

8.6. Concept of business graphics

The branch of computer science related to the creation and use of graphic image processing tools is called computer graphics.

A drawing image that is usually associated with text is an illustration, or text decoration. Illustrations are divided into numerical and text. The quantitative side of economic phenomena can be characterized by illustrations of numbers (indicators); text illustrations describe the undigitized qualitative residue. For the production of illustrations of indicators, diagrams, color and tone shading and other ways of displaying indicators on geographical maps are used. Among text illustrations, illustrations of concepts stand out. They are intended for graphical interpretation of economic abstractions. Usually concepts are presented in textual form, i.e. verbally. The illustration helps to supplement the verbal form of the concept, facilitate its comprehension, and contributes to the identification of new information. For example, the intersection of concepts can be illustrated with circles superimposed on each other.

Text is the primary type and means of aggregating data using the OLE engine and its network extensions. It can be linear or non-linear, such as a table, databases, hypertext, etc.

Text formatting tools for the use of graphics are divided into traditional and non-traditional. The traditional ones include character design tools and text backgrounds. Character design tools can be divided into four groups:

1) typeface, which is an individual unique look of the font;

2) style, which is a set of underlining, volume, animation, etc.;

3) color palette, which is a standard palette of sixteen colors plus silver and grey;

4) character density - horizontally and vertically.

Headsets are divided into three groups according to the level of graphics application:

1) simple (strictly shaped), having the same width, such as Courier and two types of proportional ones - chopped (Arial) and serifed (Times);

2) special (specially designed), usually handwritten, Slavic, etc.;

3) thematic sets of drawings - Wingdings fonts, etc.

Text background design tools consist of four main groups:

1) a pattern, which is a certain set of hatching methods;

2) the color of the pattern, which is a standard set of colors;

3) background color, which is a standard palette with additional shades of black;

4) a border around the text.

Framing options are determined by text units. For example, a fragment can be bound by a frame; paragraph and page - with the help of a frame and a dash. The border of a paragraph and a fragment is separated by straight lines, and the pages are also separated by drawings. In this case, the border can be set to be three-dimensional, with a shadow, etc.

Non-traditional design tools are used in the design of title pages, section headings and other short texts - inscriptions. The inscription, also called an envelope, can be deformed. To do this, it is performed voluminous and with a shadow. It is created as a Windows object with two features:

1) when changing its size, the font size changes;

2) it is impossible to set the boundaries of the typesetting field, i.e. the text is forced to a new line.

For this reason, inscriptions are called graphic, curly text. Curly text in MS Office 95 is created using the WordArt program. It can be a circular, ring, petal inscription. The WordArt program is launched by a button on the Drawing panel, which expands the traditional options for controlling the background of text and images.

8.7. Use of graphics in business

Commercial graphics tools are used to solve analytical and psychological problems. The analytical task is a kind of help in the search for rational, i.e., sufficiently profitable and reliable solutions. The psychological task is necessary in order to provide the document with solidity, persuasiveness, and contribute to its coordination and approval.

Visual presentation of commercial indicators, such as business documents, helps to convince investors, contributors, sponsors and others of the correctness of commercial policies, incentives for capital investments, etc.

The main part of information in commercial documents is indicators of profit, profitability, risk, etc. One of the main tasks of commercial graphics is to combine indicators into a table that facilitates comparison and discussion of indicators.

On the diagrams, various economic indicators are displayed as dots and other geometric figures of proportional size. With the help of diagrams, the task of visualization of the main economic indicators is more feasible. Charts come in pie, line, and bar charts. The same chart can show the same metrics at different times or different types of metrics.

Commercial and geographical facts are often linked together, so they are better perceived against the backdrop of a geographical map. In this case, coloring is used.

Economic-mathematical graphics make it possible to make a favorable impression on potential investors, and this, in turn, favors the coordination of commercial documentation and the conclusion of profitable agreements.

The curly design of commercial texts makes it possible to make the text of a business document as clear and expressive as possible, and well-formed information acts similarly to a respectable appearance when meeting.

Using the Drawing panel it is possible to carry out:

▪ controlling the text outline as a picture, creating a shadow (volume);

▪ placing text within the image outline and rotating the text;

▪ incorporating an image into text with various wrapping options.

Among the means of automated illustration are:

▪ a multimedia information retrieval system, including commercial topics, transport, etc.;

▪ an image editing mechanism that can provide disassembly, shading tools, color models, palettes and smooth shading templates.

Using the tools listed above allows a novice user to prepare illustrations for complex commercial concepts and phenomena in a short period of time. For example, such as the dependence of the frequency of risks on their severity, market segmentation according to a set of criteria, etc. This can be done using a colorful three-dimensional table, a visual diagram, etc.

Unlike a literary text, a commercial text has a strict structure. It may include the following graphic elements:

▪ network work schedules (generalized, alternative);

▪ technological structures (instructions for coordination and decision-making, schemes for calculating indicators);

▪ classification schemes;

▪ organizational structures of institutions, organizations;

▪ target program schemes.

The use of multimedia tools, namely animation and sounding of images, is the core of the technology of computer presentations and demonstrations. With their help, it is possible to bring the document closer to live communication, to make it more intelligible and expressive. This, in turn, allows you to make a presentation or business report more lively and visual.

LAN graphics services include:

▪ sharing of images on fixed and removable disks and pages of local clipboards, i.e. the owner of the image can control access to it using passwords;

▪ collective review and editing of images along a closed mail route;

▪ collective preparation of images.

8.8. MS GRAPH business graphics program

Color samples of diagrams are given in the built-in directories of Word, Excel, Access programs. For any user, there are two main ways to build charts:

1) using the Wizard (in Excel, Access). To do this, click the button on the standard toolbar. If it is not in Excel, you should set the panel to its default state, and if the button is not in Access, drag it from the Elements category on the Control Commands tab of the Panel Setup window;

2) by means of the Object/Insert command and selecting the launch method.

Launch methods include:

▪ direct download. In this case, the MS GRAPH window appears with an example table and diagram. Then you need to correct the data, chart type and format it, and if the table is prepared in advance, it should be highlighted before loading MS GRAPH;

▪ download using Excel, after which an Excel window opens with two sheets.

In MS GRAPH it is possible to create a diagram of a strictly defined type, only the template parameters are changed in an arbitrary order. It is necessary to group diagrams according to the method of displaying indicators, the type of coordinate system, and its properties. The construction of the diagram is carried out in rectangular, polar and bubble coordinate systems.

The coordinate is a constant that indicates the position of the indicator in the space of valid values. It can be three-dimensional (bubble), two-dimensional (petal) and one-dimensional (circular). The dimension of the coordinate system is the number of constants required to identify the indicator. The bubble coordinate system has a third dimension - the size of the bubble.

Finding out the structure of the diagram is possible in one of four ways.

1. Select a diagram. Use the arrow keys to view the chart element names in the Formula Bar Name field.

2. Select a chart, view the list of the Chart Elements field on the Chart toolbar.

3. Select a diagram, execute the command Diagram / Diagram Options and examine the contents of the window of the same name.

4. Double-click on an element and examine the contents of the Format/Data element name window.

Series in charts are dots, bars, and other representations of the columns and rows of a table.

Numeric axes are value axes that are selected from the columns or rows of a table. They are arranged vertically, horizontally or at an angle in the radar chart.

In economics, a category performs the function of a section of an indicator or its level, and a category in a diagram functions as the names of columns or rows of a table on one of the axes that correspond to numbers on the other axis. Some charts do not have category axes, such as pie, donut, radar. A XNUMXD histogram has two category axes.

A legend is a notation for chart elements.

Some charts can use special value axes to represent series in different scales or units. For example, rates and sales volumes of securities, prices and sales volumes in natural units. When there is a large range of values, the more compact logarithmic axis is most convenient.

All diagrams show the processes of changing the series of indicators and their correlation.

Trends are detected by smoothing out random fluctuations in a series of indicators. They are used to study mechanisms, phenomena and predict their development. There are two methods of smoothing: graphic and graphic-analytical. In the first case, you can get a trend graph, in the second - a graph and statistical estimates of the trend. There are three graphic-analytical methods:

1) trend equations, 2) moving average, 3) exponential average.

8.9. General characteristics of the technology for creating applied software

Solving a problem on a computer is a process of obtaining resultant information based on the processing of initial information through the use of a program composed of commands from the control system of a computer. The program is a normalized description of the sequence of actions of certain computer devices, depending on the specific nature of the conditions of the problem.

Technologies for developing programs for solving a problem depend on two factors:

1) whether the development of a program for solving the problem as an integral element of a unified system of automated information processing is being developed. Otherwise, as a relatively independent, local component of a common software package that provides a solution to computer control problems;

2) what software and tools are used to develop and implement tasks on a computer.

Software tools are software components that allow you to program the solution of control problems. They include:

1) algorithmic languages ​​and their corresponding translators;

2) database management systems (DBMS) with language programming tools in their environment;

3) spreadsheets containing their customization tools.

The process of solving applied problems consists of several main stages. The first step is to set the task. At this stage, the organizational and economic essence of the task is revealed, i.e. the goal of its solution is formulated; the relationship with other previously studied tasks is determined; the periodicity of its solution is given; the composition and forms of presentation of input, intermediate and result information are established; describes the forms and methods of controlling the reliability of information at the main stages of solving the problem; the forms of user interaction with the computer are specified when solving a problem, etc.

Of particular importance is a detailed description of the input, output and intermediate information characterizing the following factors:

▪ type of presentation of individual details;

▪ the number of characters that are allocated for recording details based on their maximum significance;

▪ type of props depending on their role in the process of solving the problem;

▪ the source of the props.

The second stage is the economic and mathematical description of the problem and the choice of a method for solving it. The economic-mathematical description of the problem makes it possible to make the problem unambiguous in the understanding of the program developer. In the process of preparing it, the user can apply various sections of mathematics. For a formalized description of the formulation of economic problems, the following classes of models are used:

1) analytical - computational;

2) matrix - balance;

3) graphic, a particular type of which are network.

By choosing a model class, one can not only facilitate and speed up the process of solving the problem, but also improve the accuracy of the results obtained.

When choosing a method for solving problems, it is necessary that the chosen method:

1) guaranteed the necessary accuracy of the results obtained and the absence of the property of degeneration (infinite looping);

2) allowed to use ready-made standard programs to solve a problem or its individual fragments;

3) focused on the minimum amount of initial information;

4) ensured the fastest obtaining of the desired results.

The third stage is the algorithmization of the solution of the problem, i.e., the development of an original or adaptation of an already known algorithm.

Algorithmization is a complex creative process based on fundamental concepts of mathematics and programming.

The algorithmization process for solving a problem is most often implemented according to the following scheme:

1) allocation of autonomous stages of the process of solving the problem;

2) a formalized description of the content of the work performed at each selected stage;

3) checking the correctness of using the chosen algorithm on various examples of solving the problem.

8.10. Application software

Application software (APS) is a set of software products that are of interest to users and are designed to solve everyday problems of information processing.

An application software package (APP) is a set of programs focused on solving a certain class of problems.

All software is divided into design tools and means of use.

Design tools include software that are designed to create information systems and are used at the workplaces of specialists of various profiles:

1) DBMS - are used to create, maintain and use databases;

2) computer-aided design (CAD) systems - allow solving the problems of drawing and designing various mechanisms using a PC;

3) electronic document management systems - designed to ensure paperless circulation of documents in enterprises;

4) information storages (data banks, knowledge banks) - provide storage of large volumes of accumulated information;

5) geographic information systems - are used to model the processes of development and management of various natural resources, geological exploration, etc.

Means of use are software for processing various kinds of information:

1) word processors and text editors - input, editing and preparation for printing of any documents;

2) spreadsheet processors - creating spreadsheets and performing actions on the data contained in these tables;

3) graphic processors - creation and editing of graphic objects, cartoons and other animation on the computer screen;

4) integrated PPP - the creation of a single business environment in its basis;

5) PPP methods of analysis - solving problems of analysis in a certain area;

6) telecommunication and network programs - maintenance of global and local networks, programs for e-mail;

7) set of economic PPP - use by specialists working in the economic sphere;

8) training and testing programs - obtaining new knowledge, testing in various disciplines, etc.;

9) multimedia software packages - creating, editing and listening to music, viewing and processing video, auxiliary programs (codecs), games;

10) set of application programs - recording and diagnostics of CD-R/RW and DVD-R/RW discs.

8.11. Software systems design technology

The need to create automated information processing systems led to the concept of databases as a single, centralized repository of all information necessary to solve management problems. The concept of databases is theoretically correct. However, in reality, it leads to a significant loss in time, which is required to search and select from the database the information necessary to solve a particular problem. At present, the concept of databases provides a reasonable compromise between minimizing the necessary duplication of information and the efficiency of the process of sampling and updating data. In fact, the provision of such a solution takes place only when the system analysis of the entire complex of tasks to be automated is already at the stage of describing the system. In this case, we mean its goals and functions, the composition and specificity of information flows, the information composition of tasks, and even individual program modules. The basis of the systems approach is the provisions of the general theory of systems. It is most effective in solving complex problems of analysis and synthesis that require the simultaneous use of several scientific disciplines.

Another important factor that necessitates a systematic approach (starting from the stage of formulating the requirements and setting tasks) is that this stage accounts for up to 80% of all costs for the development of application software. However, it is of particular importance in ensuring that development results meet the needs of end users.

The emergence of the need for a systematic approach to the development of software tools for solving problems in the automation of organizational and economic management systems has led to the need for differentiation of specialist developers. This fact served as a manifestation in the selection of system analysts, system engineers, applied and system programmers in their composition.

The system analyst formulates the general formal requirements for the system software. The duties of a systems engineer are to transform general formal requirements into detailed specifications for individual programs, participate in the development of the logical structure of the database.

The application programmer's responsibility is to refine the specification into the logical structure of the program modules and then into the program code.

The system programmer must ensure the interaction of program modules with the software environment within which application programs are to work.

Another feature of the system development of application programs is their focus on the use of integrated and distributed databases. In this case, DBMS language tools began to be used as tools for developing software components along with programming languages.

Appear and are widely used in the field of PC management and better software and tools that are focused on management professionals - non-programmers. This fact has radically changed the nature of the technology for preparing and solving economic problems.

With the growth in the production of new microprocessors, the priorities and relevance of the problems that are inherent in traditional technologies for developing application programs have changed dramatically. The possibility of excluding professional programmers from the technological chain makes it possible to speed up the process of developing applied software.

8.12. Modern methods and tools for developing applied software

The concept of "modular design" is closely related to the implementation of the top-down design method. A sequence of logically interconnected fragments, designed as a separate part of the program, is called a module. The following properties of software modules are distinguished:

▪ a module can be referenced by name, including from other modules;

▪ upon completion of work, the module must return control to the module that called it;

▪ the module must have one input and output;

▪ The module must be small in size, ensuring its visibility.

When developing complex programs, the main control module and its subordinate modules are separated, which provide the implementation of individual control functions, functional processing, and auxiliary modules that guarantee the service package.

The modular principle of software development has a number of advantages:

1) a capacious program can be developed simultaneously by several performers, which reduces the time for its development;

2) it is possible to create a library of the most used programs and use them;

3) if segmentation is necessary, the procedure for loading large programs into the OP becomes much simpler;

4) there are many natural control points designed to monitor the progress of the development of programs and control the execution of programs;

5) effective testing of programs is provided, designing and subsequent debugging are much easier.

Structured programming is used to facilitate the process of developing and debugging software modules, as well as the process of their subsequent maintenance and modification.

The development of software and tools for programming economic problems is based on programming automation systems, or programming systems that provide the ability to solve many problems directly in the OS computer environment.

The tasks of economic management have a number of features that distinguish them from other types of tasks:

1) the dominance of tasks with relatively simple computational algorithms and the need to form cumulative results;

2) work with large arrays of initial information;

3) the requirement to provide most of the resulting information in the form of tabular documents.

CASE technology is a set of tools for system analysis, design, development and maintenance of complex software systems and allows developers to use extensive opportunities for various kinds of modeling. Consistency of interaction of all specialists involved in software development guarantees centralized storage of all information necessary for designing and control over data integrity.

The ISDOS project consists of modules providing:

▪ input, control and coding of specifications of the designed system;

▪ analysis of the correctness of setting tasks and their consistency;

▪ identifying errors and issuing messages to users, as well as eliminating duplication in source information;

▪ transformation of problem statements after checking the source data into machine programs;

▪ identification of the main elements of the information system.

The listed modules are interacting with each other. However, their division is rather conditional.

Author: Kozlova I.S.

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The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Conductive bacteria 17.06.2016 Usually, protein molecules and protein supermolecular complexes do not conduct electric current. However, there are exceptions here, and one of them is the drank, or villi, bacteria Geobacter sulfurreducens. Pili are long protein structures that sit on the surface of a bacterial cell (which makes the bacterium look rather hairy) and perform a variety of functions. Using X-ray diffraction methods, American scientists managed to find out that conductive threads have an important feature - a gap of 0,32 nm is repeated in their structure. But in the G. sulfurreducens strain, whose pili had lost the ability to conduct current, there was no such 0,32-nm gap repeating along the length of the villi. In addition, non-conductive pili were devoid of amino acids with aromatic chemical groups. It is known that in aromatic compounds (the simplest and most famous of which is benzene from a school textbook), the electron density is evenly distributed over all the atoms that form the ring; in other words, all the electrons involved in the creation of the molecule are, as it were, evenly spread over the entire aromatic group. When the electron orbitals of two aromatic molecules approach and overlap, the electrons, as it were, will receive a new territory for their use, which they can enter relatively unhindered. If such closely spaced rings line up from point A to point B, then electrical conductivity will occur between A and B. Aromatic groups stick out on the hair of G. sulfurreducens like the rungs of a spiral staircase, throwing electrons to each other. It is only important that they are at the right distance from each other, and here is the aforementioned repeated 0,32 nm in the conductive villi of G. sulfurreducens, this is exactly the right distance. The article in mBio also talks about the reason for the well-known phenomenon with conductive villi - in earlier experiments, their electrical conductivity increased by almost 100 times when the environment was acidified. It turned out that with a decrease in pH from 10 to 2 (that is, with an increase in acidity), the periodic 0,32-nm gaps necessary for electrical conductivity in saws became more pronounced, and they began to conduct current better. The attention that "conductive bacteria" enjoy is quite understandable, because they were drunk - these are ready-made nanowires that can be grown cheaply and quickly in a test tube and then assembled from them some kind of nanoelectronics. If drinking geobacter proves to be effective, and if they find a way to somehow improve them, then perhaps in the near future we will have bacterial-protein-based gadgets.

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