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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Age-related anatomy and physiology. Hygiene of labor training and productive work of students (the most important)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) Topic 11. HYGIENE OF LABOR TRAINING AND PRODUCTIVE LABOR OF STUDENTS Hygiene of labor lessons in primary school. During labor lessons, children design using children's construction sets, make models of ships, airplanes and others from wood, cardboard and paper, sculpt, and embroider. To ensure that these activities do not harm children's health, it is first necessary to maintain the correct working posture. This means that the body should be straight or slightly forward, with the head slightly tilted. It is advisable to change body position frequently to avoid tiring static efforts. Compression of the chest and abdominal cavity and visual strain should not be allowed. The material used in labor lessons must be clean, free from infection, not causing skin damage (splinters, abrasions, cuts, etc.), and must not contain chemically harmful substances. To this end, the building wooden material is well planed, cleaned, and sharp corners are leveled. Do not use paints containing lead, arsenic or other toxic substances. Children's designers and handles of metal tools are wiped with a 0,2-1% clarified solution of bleach before the lesson. The weight of all constituent elements of the building material should not exceed 1-2 kg. Cardboard is taken no thicker than 0,5 mm, so that it can be easily cut. For modeling, in addition to clay, you can use plasticine, because it stains your hands less. In the first stage of learning to sew, in order to avoid stress, it is better to use large needles with a large eye, dark threads and light-colored fabric. Scissors should be 118-120 mm long, with rounded ends, easy to move, the length of their cutting edges is 70 mm. The weight of the knife should not exceed 75 g; the blade of the knife should be made of high quality steel, well sharpened, but without a sharp end; length - 70 mm, width - 15 mm. The handle of the knife should be 85 mm long, made of hard, polished wood. The awl is taken steel, spindle-shaped, 40 mm long; its handle is made of hard, smooth wood, 85 mm long, the diameter of the wide part is 30 mm. The duration of labor lessons depends on age, health status and type of work, and labor operations and the material used should be varied. In this case, it is absolutely necessary to observe the rules of personal hygiene. Hygiene of agricultural lessons. Starting from grade V, agricultural lessons are taught. Agricultural implements used in flower beds, vegetable gardens, and educational and experimental sites must correspond in shape, size, and weight to the age of children. Iron rakes should have a distance between teeth of 27-30 mm, and wooden ones - up to 50-55 mm. For children of primary school age, an iron rake with 8 teeth and a wooden one with 7 teeth are recommended; for teenagers and high school age - iron rakes with 10 and wooden rakes with 9 teeth. Toddler hoes measure 100 x 90mm, handle length 100cm; for older people - 125-100 mm, handle length - 140 cm. The handles of shovels and rakes should be wooden, oval. The capacity of watering cans and buckets (in cubic dm) should be: for young children - 4-5, for teenagers - 4-6, for older children - 6-8. The weight of the transported goods at 11-12 years old should not exceed 4 kg, at 13-14 years old - 6 kg. When carrying cargo on a stretcher together, its weight, including the weight of the stretcher, should not exceed: at 7-8 years old - 4 kg, at 9-10 years old - 6 kg, at 10-12 years old - 10 kg, at 13-15 years old - 14 kg, at 16-17 years old - 24 kg. The duration of agricultural labor lessons for schoolchildren aged 8-9 years is up to 1 hour per day, at 10-12 years old - 1,5 hours, at 13-14 years old - 3 hours, at 14-17 years old - 5-6 hours in the absence of other physical work. Every 20-25 minutes for younger students and 30-40 minutes for older students, a five-minute rest is required. With a 5-6-hour working day, two shifts are recommended: from 7-8 in the morning to 10-11 in the afternoon and from 17-18 in the evening. Hygienic requirements for labor lessons in carpentry and metalworking workshops. Labor lessons in carpentry and metalworking workshops also begin in grade V. The shape, dimensions, weight and ratio of parts of carpentry and plumbing tools must also be age appropriate. The weight of a carpenter's hammer should be less than that of a mechanic's hammer. For children 11-12 years old, a carpenter's hammer should weigh 200 g, 13-14 years old - 300 g, a plumber's hammer - 300 and 400 g, respectively. When working, the tool and manufactured products must not be pressed against the chest. With the correct working posture, an even distribution of the load for the right and left halves of the body, a straightened position of the body and a slight tilt of the head forward are assumed. While sawing, the legs should be spread apart to the distance of the length of the foot, the knees are straightened, the body is slightly tilted forward. When planing, you need to stand half-turned to the workbench, push your left leg forward at a distance of twice the length of the foot, and turn the right foot in relation to the left by 70-80 ° and tilt the body slightly forward. To reduce the duration of static efforts, students should not stand for a long time, it is recommended to sit while the teacher explains. Work in the workshops as a form of active recreation is put on the third or fourth lessons. At the very beginning of classes, students must be familiarized with safety and injury prevention. The training workshop is designed for 20 workplaces, which are equipped with workbenches and machines. The height of carpentry workbenches should be 75,5; 78 and 80,5 cm for three groups of students with a height of 140-150 cm, the surface of the workbench is 125 x 45 cm. To determine the height of the workbench suitable for him, the student stands sideways to the end of the workbench and places his palm on it. If the height of the workbench corresponds to height, then the arm at the elbow joint does not bend, the forearm and shoulder remain in a straight line. In carpentry workshops, workbenches should be arranged in three rows, perpendicular or at a 45° angle to the windows. The distance between them is at least 80 cm. In metalwork workshops, the dimensions of the workplace should be 60 x 100 cm, the distance between the axes of adjacent vices should be 100 cm. The height of the metalwork bench from the floor to the jaws of the vice comes in two sizes - 85 and 95 cm. If the student’s height does not correspond to the height of the table, stands are used for legs with a height of 5, 10 and 15 cm. The machines are placed perpendicular to the windows so that the light falls from the left. In this case, multi-seat machines are arranged in four rows, and double-seat machines are doubled. It is advisable to arrange single machines in a checkerboard pattern. The minimum distance between machines should be 80 cm, between rows - 120 cm, distance from the inner wall - 80 cm. Lighting and ventilation in workshops must comply with hygienic standards. During the labor lesson, it is recommended to take breaks for rest for 2-3 minutes: for younger students - every 10-15 minutes, for teenagers - every 15-20 minutes. Hygiene in physics, chemistry and biology lessons. When conducting experiments related to the study of electricity in physics lessons, it is necessary to observe safety measures, since electric current with a voltage of over 100 V and 50 mA can be fatal. It is forbidden to check the presence of current with your fingers. Protective measures should be used to prevent burns when working with molten metals, glass, etc. During chemistry lessons, in order to avoid poisoning, burns with acids and alkalis, and accidents due to explosions during chemical experiments, safety precautions should be strictly followed. The burned part of the body should be immediately washed under a strong stream of cold running water. Exhaust ventilation is required in a chemical laboratory. In biology lessons, when working on an experimental site, it is necessary to avoid sunstroke, as well as skin damage in order to prevent the penetration of the causative agent of tetanus, etc. In addition, the student's agricultural work must be varied. Hygienic requirements for the layout of a school building. As a rule, schools are built according to standard designs, developed taking into account student places in primary, junior high and secondary schools. The land plot allocated for the construction of the school should be 0,3-4 hectares, of which 40-50% should be green space. On the school grounds there is a ground for ball games, gymnastics, and athletics (sports area); training and experimental zone for organizing and conducting agricultural work; areas for outdoor games and quiet relaxation; economic zone with independent entry. Optimally, a three-story building with several exits and wardrobes to ensure the organization of anti-epidemic measures. Hygienic requirements for a school building provide for sufficient isolation of individual groups of premises, convenient connection with the functional areas of the school site, and the allocation of a special educational section for six-year-old children. The number of students in a class should not exceed 30 people. The elementary school provides a universal room (60 sq. m.) for extended-day groups. This makes it possible to organize children's leisure time. In addition, a room of 80 square meters must be provided. m for manual labor. For labor training of students in grades V-X, there is a room for career guidance and the basics of production, a universal workshop for technical types of labor, and a fabric processing room. Laboratory assistants are provided for all classrooms. In modern schools, classrooms for computer science and electronic computer technology have been organized, and the sports complex has been significantly improved. For schools with a capacity of 30-35 classes, there are two sports halls measuring 12 x 24 and 18 x 30 m. In addition, a group of schools is provided with a training shooting range, an indoor pool for teaching swimming and carrying out sports work. The composition of the premises for clubs (technical modeling, creativity, young naturalists), studios (painting, drawing and sculpture, choreography and drama), and a film and photo laboratory has been significantly expanded. The area of the dining room is determined at the rate of 0,65-0,75 square meters. m per seat, at the same time it must accommodate at least 25% of students. The composition of the premises for medical purposes includes a doctor's office, combined with a room of 12-15 square meters. In addition to the doctor's office, a number of schools have a dentist's office (with an area of 14 sq. m). Class size must be at least 64 sq. m, laboratory rooms - at least 66 sq. m. The distance from the blackboard to the last row of tables or desks should not exceed 8 m. ; 3 sq. m and more - 162 m). List of used literature 1. Galperin S.I. Anatomy and physiology of man. Moscow: Higher school, 1974. 2. Kositsky G.I. Human physiology. M.: Medicine, 1985. 3. Matyushonok M.T., Turin G.G., Kryukova A.A. Physiology and hygiene of children and adolescents. Moscow: Higher school, 1974. 4. Nozdrachev A. D. General course of human and animal physiology: In 2 vols. T. 2. M .: Higher school, 1991. 5. Khripkova A.A. age physiology. Moscow: Education, 1978. 6. Small medical encyclopedia: In 6 volumes. T. 6. M .: Medicine, 1991-1996. Author: Antonova O.A. << Back: Age-related features of metabolism and energy (Characteristics of metabolic processes. Main forms of metabolism in the body. Age-related characteristics of energy metabolism)
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