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Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Logistics. Warehouse logistics (lecture notes)
Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets Table of contents (expand) LECTURE № 4. Warehouse logistics 1. Warehousing logistics In the logistics chain, the movement of material flows is impossible without the concentration in certain places of the necessary stocks, for the storage of which warehouses are intended. The increase in the cost of goods is associated with the costs of promoting living or materialized labor through the warehouse. The rationalization of the movement of material flows in the logistics chain, the use of vehicles and distribution costs are influenced by problems associated with the functioning of warehouses. Современный склад - это технически сложное оснащенное сооружение, которое включает взаимосвязанные элементы, имеет соответствующую структуру и выполняет ряд функций по изменению материальных потоков, а также сбору, переработке и распределению грузов между потребителями. At the same time, the warehouse is just an integral part of a higher level system of the logistics chain, which determines the basic technical requirements for the warehouse system, dictates the tasks and positions of its optimal operation, and establishes the conditions for cargo processing. In this regard, the warehouse is not considered autonomously, but as an integral part of the logistics chain. Такой подход позволяет обеспечивать успешное выполнение главных функций склада и достижение высокого уровня рентабельности. It is necessary to take into account that for each specific warehouse the components of the warehouse system differ significantly from each other, both its elements and the structure itself, based on the relationship of these elements. When forming a warehouse system, you need to remember the basic principle: only an individual solution, taking into account all the associated factors, can make it profitable. A clear definition of work tasks and a thorough analysis of cargo handling both inside and outside the warehouse is a prerequisite for its profitable operation. This implies that any costs must be economically justified, i.e., the use of any technological and technical solution accompanying an investment must be applied based on rational expediency, and not on fashion trends and technical capabilities offered on the market. The main task of a warehouse is the concentration of stocks, their storage and the formation of an uninterrupted and rhythmic supply of consumer orders. The main functions of the warehouse include the following. 1. In accordance with demand, transforming the production assortment into consumer assortment, which means creating the necessary assortment to fulfill customer orders. This function takes on particular importance in distribution logistics, where the trade assortment is represented by a huge list of goods from various manufacturers, differing in design, size, color, shape, etc. Эффективному выполнению заказов потребителей содействует создание нужного ассортимента на складе. Этот же фактор способствует осуществлению более частых поставок в нужном для клиента объеме. 2. Warehousing and storage. This function allows you to smooth out the time difference between production and consumption and contributes to the implementation of continuous production and supply based on the emerging inventory. Storing them in the distribution system is necessary due to the seasonal consumption of some goods. 3. Unitization and transportation of goods. To reduce transportation costs for consumers who order “less than a wagon” and “less than a trailer” shipments from the warehouse, the function of combining (unitizing) small shipments for a group of clients is carried out until the vehicle is completely unloaded. 4. Provision of services. A clear element of this function is the provision of various services to clients that provide the organization with a high level of customer service. Among them: packaging of products, filling containers, unpacking, etc. (preparing goods for sale); checking the operation of instruments and equipment, assembly; pre-processing of products to give them a marketable appearance; transport and forwarding services, etc. 2. Classification of warehouses An important link in the technological process of manufacturing enterprises for wholesale and retail trade are warehouses, which serve as the basis for enterprises aimed at staying ahead of competitors. Warehouse work requires a modern organization, advanced technology and qualified personnel. Warehouses are the basis for the reserves of material resources needed to regulate the volumes of demand and supply, as well as to coordinate the speed of goods flows in the systems of promotion from manufacturer to consumer. A large number of types of warehouses are used in economic activity. The following types are distinguished by purpose. Production. They act as warehouses for raw materials and components. В свою очередь производственные склады подразделяются на цеховые и заводские склады готовой продукции. Транзитно-перевалочные. Организуются при железнодорожных станциях, портах, речных пристанях, аэропортах, автогрузовых терминалах и применяются для кратковременного хранения грузов на момент перегрузки их с одного вида транспорта на другой. Customs warehouses are designed to store goods awaiting customs clearance. Warehouses for early delivery are built in areas where delivery of goods is possible only during certain seasons. Seasonal storage. Warehouses for seasonal goods. Резервные. На резервных складах запас хранится на случай чрезвычайных обстоятельств. Wholesale and distribution warehouses that supply the commodity distribution network. Склады коммерческие общего пользования. Эти склады осуществляют обслуживание любых владельцев товара. Retail warehouses of trade enterprises. Warehouses differ in storage conditions into general purpose warehouses, tanks, safes for hazardous substances, specialized warehouses and storage warehouses. In warehouses, the conditions necessary for storage are created, taking into account the physical and chemical properties of the goods. Sometimes warehouses have equipment for filling, packing, testing and other operations. 3. Basic concepts of warehouse activity Крупный современный склад представляет собой сложное техническое сооружение. Склад состоит из многочисленных связанных между собой элементов, имеет характерную структуру и предназначен для выполнения ряда функций по изменению материальных потоков. The functions of a warehouse include the accumulation, processing and distribution of goods among consumers. The basic concepts of warehouse activities include: acceptance of goods and cargo from the carrier (goods are accepted according to quantity and quality). Placement and stacking of goods, and the placement of goods is carried out according to several principles. Storage, selection and dispatch of goods. Some warehouses are engaged in labeling and packaging of goods, the goods are marked in accordance with developed rules and methods. The last operation is the delivery of goods to carriers. Acceptance of goods is carried out according to quantity, quality and completeness and is a responsible procedure during which shortages, damage, inappropriate quality and incompleteness of goods are identified. The procedure for accepting goods is regulated by regulations; due to the discovery of deficiencies, recipients file claims and lawsuits against suppliers. Acceptance of cargo from carriers. At the warehouse, before the cargo arrives, preliminary work is carried out: places for unloading are determined, equipment and mechanisms are prepared, etc. Необходимо строго соблюдать установленные правила выполнения погрузо-разгрузочных работ, при разгрузке транспортных средств особое внимание уделяется специальной маркировке грузов и манипуляционным знакам. Violation of the established rules leads to damage to goods and injuries. If delivery is by rail, then the following work is required: checking seals for integrity, opening cars, preliminary inspection of the condition of the received cargo; unloading of wagons with subsequent stacking of goods on warehouse equipment; quantitative initial acceptance of goods; delivery of goods to the receiving area. Если товар доставлен в железнодорожных контейнерах, то проводят следующие операции: проверку состояния контейнера и целостности пломб; перемещение контейнера на разгрузочную рампу с последующим перемещением в зону приемки товара; вскрытие контейнера; выгрузку товара. If the goods are delivered to the warehouse by road, the following actions are performed: checking the integrity of the packaging, quantitative initial acceptance, transferring the goods to warehouse equipment and moving the goods to the acceptance area. If the cargo is delivered in a faulty wagon, or the seal of the container is broken, the quantity and quality of all delivered cargo must be checked and a report must be drawn up, which will subsequently be the basis for filing a claim with the carrier or supplier. При получении груза от перевозчиков предприятие-получатель должно проверить обеспечение сохранности груза при перевозке. В случае, когда выдача груза происходит без проверки мест или веса, получатель в установленном порядке имеет право потребовать от перевозчика, чтобы на транспортном документе была сделана соответствующая пометка. Product placement. Depending on the tasks, a method of placing goods in a warehouse is chosen, taking into account the purpose of the goods, the method of storage, the maximum use of warehouse space with a rational arrangement of departments, the protection of goods from damage, etc. There are several ways to store goods: 1) varietal - a storage method in which goods of different grades are placed separately from each other; 2) batch - with this storage method, each batch of goods arriving at the warehouse is stored separately, and the batch may include goods of different types and names; 3) batch-varietal - this method of storage implies that each batch of goods arriving at the warehouse is stored separately, but within the batch the goods are sorted into types and grades, which are also separated from each other; 4) by name - a method of storing goods in which goods of each name are stored separately. Develop schemes for the placement of goods for quick placement and selection, as well as ensuring the required regimes, providing permanent storage locations, the ability to monitor their safety and care for them. При разработке схем учитываются периодичность и объемы поступления и отгрузки товаров, рациональные способы укладки, условия отгрузок, а для некоторых товаров - выбор правильного "соседа". Daily demand goods are stored in close proximity to the shipping and delivery area. Выделяют участки краткосрочного и длительного хранения. Соответственно на участках краткосрочного хранения располагают быстро оборачиваемые товары, а на участках длительного хранения размещают товары невысокого спроса, которые зачастую составляют страховой запас. In warehouses with a large turnover of goods, each cell contains a consignment of goods along with the pallet or in the box in which it arrived; the passages between the racks must be sufficient for the operation of loaders with lateral movement of forks. In warehouses for small wholesale and retail trade, goods are most often placed according to grouping by size. Stack of goods. Typically, stacking and racking methods are used for packaged and piece goods. Stacking is used for storing goods packed in bags, boxes, and barrels. When forming a stack, it is necessary to ensure its stability, permissible height and free access to goods. There are three types of stacking: straight, cross-check and reverse check. With straight stacking, which is most often used for stacking boxes and barrels of the same size, each box is placed directly and evenly on the box in the bottom row. Direct pyramid stacking promotes additional stability of the stack. Drawers of different sizes are installed in a cross cage. Moreover, the top drawers are laid across the bottom ones. Goods packed in bags are placed in the reverse cage; the top row of bags is placed on the bottom row in the reverse order. When stacking goods, it is necessary to ensure proper air circulation in the room, as well as take into account fire safety and sanitary requirements. Passages are left between the stacks and installed at the required distance from heating devices and walls. При стеллажном способе хранения товары в индивидуальной упаковке, распакованные товары укладывают на полках, расположенных на доступной механизмам высоте. На нижних полках складируют товар, набор которого может осуществляться вручную, а на верхних - товары, которые отгружаются целиком на поддоне. When packing goods, the relevant rules are observed. 1. The goods are placed with markings to the aisle, goods of the same type are placed in racks on both sides of one aisle, then during selection the transportation path is shorter, if one cell is not enough to accommodate the entire volume of goods, then the remaining goods are placed in the next vertical cells of the same rack, on Long-term storage goods are placed on the upper tiers of the rack. 2. Bulk cargo in warehouses is stored in bulk, tanks are used for liquids, and mechanized hangers are used for outerwear. Хранение товаров. Организация хранения обеспечивает: сохранность количества и качества товаров, их потребительских качеств и выполнение необходимых погрузочно-разгрузочных работ; условия для измерения товаров, их осмотра, осуществляемого соответствующими органами контроля, исправления повреждений упаковки. By creating the necessary hydrothermal regime for storing goods, a convenient system for their stacking and placement, the preservation of the properties of the goods is achieved. Goods stored in a warehouse require constant inspection, care, and control, which allows us to identify signs of damage, traces of rodents or insects. Good storage organization means not placing goods in aisles, not blocking fire extinguishers and outlets with goods, and not stacking pallets in very high stacks. Using the upper shelves as backup for items that do not have enough space on the lower shelves. If goods do not fit completely in the cells, they are placed in deeper racks. A special place is allocated for handling equipment, and unused equipment is moved there. To maintain the desired temperature and humidity indoors, thermometers and hygrometers are used, and ventilation systems and moisture-absorbing substances are used to regulate the internal climate. Goods stacked need to be periodically rearranged, bulk goods need shoveling. Меховые и шерстяные изделия необходимо предохранять от моли, отсыревшие товары просушивают и проветривают. To maintain sanitary and hygienic conditions, warehouse premises are thoroughly cleaned regularly. У некоторых видов товаров возникают потери в процессе хранения и подготовки их к отпуску, а также при выполнении ряда других операций. Различают допустимые и недопустимые товарные потери. Natural loss norms are established for acceptable losses. Inadmissible losses include losses resulting from damage, theft, breakage and scrap of goods or poor storage conditions. Norms of natural loss are developed on a scientific basis and approved in accordance with the established procedure. If losses occurred as a result of natural loss (shrinkage, shrinkage) and their value is within the norm, then the carrier or trading enterprise is not responsible for them. Natural loss rates are calculated taking into account items related to the time and distance of transportation, type of transport, etc. The norms of natural loss do not apply if the fact of theft, intentional damage, etc. is established. Sending goods. The release of goods from the warehouse includes the following operations: processing of goods based on availability in the warehouse, selection of goods from their storage location, movement to the order picking area, registration, laying or attaching packing lists, marking of packages, movement of assembled goods to the loading area, loading of containers, used for transportation, registration of a waybill. The task of the warehouse is to organize efficient work. Performance criteria are full satisfaction of requests on the list and urgent shipments. Заказчикам удобнее получать товар при конкретной необходимости сразу, а поставщикам выгоднее иметь регулярные заказы на длительный срок. Эти противоречия можно урегулировать путем применения высоких скидок на большие партии товара с длительным сроком поставок и заметно меньших скидок на срочные заказы. Applications received in the first half of the day are considered urgent and must be sent on the same day. Therefore, after receiving an order, it is immediately processed, assembled and packaged in order to ship it in the afternoon. Applications received in the afternoon are processed the next day. Large warehouses usually operate around the clock, so they also receive urgent orders throughout the day. Selection of goods. Pickers and other warehouse workers select goods after receiving the picking list. The picking list is compiled taking into account warehouse specifics, which significantly speeds up the selection of goods. In a large warehouse, during mechanized selection, the completed cargo is removed from the packaging area and moved to the shipping area. При ручном способе набора и отпуске небольшого количества товара выкладывается на ручные тележки и перемещается в зону комплектации. The use of portable terminals allows you to carry out inventory without stopping the operation of the warehouse. After choosing the goods, the batch is packed. 4. Procurement process The special role of the procurement function for the purpose of processing or resale determines the prevalence of procurement processes for any enterprise. For the development and formation of the economy of enterprises, procurement processes play a special role; the most important prerequisites for them are: the rhythmic operation of production, which depends on the complete saturation of the needs for materials and raw materials. Price of materials used, raw materials and third-party services. Serves as a basic cost component for the operation of manufacturing enterprises; according to this parameter, there is a possibility of cost reduction. Под влиянием процесса закупок формируется большая часть оборотных средств, составляющая материальных запасов и неготовой продукции. In the procurement structure, progressive processes increase the share of finished parts both in the production of products and the provision of services. This element increases the importance of the procurement process. The listed factors clearly confirm the growing importance of the procurement process, and it is important to analyze their progress and costs. There are other reasons closely related to the logistics of procurement processes, in addition to those noted, which also have a great impact on the economy of the enterprise. Снижать расходы, увеличивать качество обслуживания клиентов и стабилизировать рыночные позиции предприятия позволяет высокая динамика материальных и информационных потоков. В техническую составляющую логистических процессов области закупок последнее время идет привлечение больших основных средств. The technical infrastructure (component) includes: buildings and warehouses, vehicles, machines and technical equipment that are used for storing and handling materials. An increase in storage costs is caused by the presence of stocks of materials, unfinished products, goods, etc. These factors are the reason that procurement processes influence the activities of organizations. They set costs and help improve competitiveness. На большинстве предприятий структура материальных потребностей достаточно сложна. Similar procedures for organizing the process under discussion are used for several groups of procurement objects. 1. Initial raw materials and materials that are subject to processing at a separate enterprise during the implementation of technological processes. 2. Semi-finished products in need of processing (for example, cast iron blanks). 3. Изготовленные составляющие элементы, которые используются при сборке на предприятии в конечной фазе производства. Здесь перечислены некоторые группы продуктов, которые рассматриваются в качестве элементов закупок. Могут применяться определенные элементы процесса закупок к каждой из этих групп, но, кроме этого, должны выполняться отдельные характерные условия. Например, требуется определенная инфраструктура и специальные соглашения о главных параметрах поставок (например, для поставки газа или электрической энергии). Для поставки сложных узлов, которые рассматриваются как компоненты готовой продукции, нужны согласования, основанные на долгосрочных договорах. Управление процессом закупок, таким образом, должно считаться главным типом функционирования соответствующих отделов предприятия. 5. Logistics process in the warehouse The logistics process in a warehouse requires complete synchronization of inventory supply, cargo processing and actual order distribution. Warehouse logistics practically covers all major work areas, which are considered at the micro level. The logistics process is much broader than the technological process and includes such areas as: supply of inventories, supply control, acceptance and unloading of goods, transportation and intra-warehouse transshipment of goods, storage and warehousing of goods, formation of customer orders and shipment, forwarding and transportation of goods. The work of all elements of the logistics process must be considered in interdependence and interconnection. This approach allows not only to regulate the activities of warehouse departments, it serves as the basis for planning and monitoring the movement of goods in the warehouse with minimal costs. Roughly, the logistics process can be divided into three parts: 1) operations regulating procurement services; 2) operations directly related to the processing of cargo and its documentation; 3) operations regulating sales services. Regulation of the purchasing service occurs in the process of supplying stocks and through control over the supply chain. The main purpose of stocking is to provide the warehouse with goods, subject to the possibility of their processing in a given period of time with the full fulfillment of consumer orders. The need for purchases can be determined taking into account the capacity of the warehouse and in agreement with the sales service. Logistics processes include: unloading and acceptance of cargo, intra-warehouse transportation, warehousing and storage, order picking and shipment, transportation and forwarding of orders, collection and delivery of empty carriers, warehouse information services. Let us consider these components of the logistics system in more detail. Accounting and control over the receipt of stocks and the dispatch of orders allows us to ensure the synchronization of the processing of cargo flows. Also, with proper control and accounting, the warehouse volume is used to the maximum and the necessary storage conditions are provided. Unloading and receiving goods. When carrying out these operations, you need to focus on the delivery conditions established when concluding the contract. На основании сведений, указанных в договоре, готовятся места разгрузки для определенного транспортного средства и необходимое погрузочно-разгрузочное оборудование. Снижение издержек обращения и сокращение простоев транспортных средств происходит при правильном выборе погрузочно-разгрузочного оборудования и специальном оснащении мест разгрузки. By accelerating the movement of goods from suppliers to consumers and inventory turnover in a warehouse, a significant increase in profits and a reduction in the cost of maintaining inventory can be achieved. The movement of cargo between different zones of the warehouse involves intra-warehouse transportation. Transportation operations take place using lifting and transport machines and mechanisms. Transportation begins from the unloading ramp to the receiving area, then to the storage, picking area and to the loading ramp. Transportation within the warehouse should be carried out along end-to-end routes, with a minimum length in time and space. This transportation scheme avoids duplication of operations and inefficient use of time. The number of overloads from one type of equipment to another should be minimal. В размещении и укладке груза на хранение заключается процесс складирования. Эффективное использование объема зоны хранения является основным принципом рационального складирования. The optimal choice of storage system, and primarily warehouse equipment, becomes a prerequisite for the efficiency of their use. При этом с учетом нормальных условий работы подъемно-транспортного оборудования пространство под рабочие проходы должно быть минимальным. The picking process consists of preparing goods in accordance with consumer requests. Maximum use of the vehicle allows the consolidation of cargo into an economical batch, which in turn is facilitated by the packaging of shipments using an information system. It is necessary to choose the optimal delivery route. The shipment takes place at the loading ramp. Как складом, так и самим заказчиком могут осуществляться транспортировка и экспедиция грузов. Наибольшее распространение получила централизованная доставка заказов складом. При этом типе доставки с учетом унитизации грузов и выбора оптимальных маршрутов достигается сокращение транспортных расходов и есть возможность доставки товара маленькими, но более частыми партиями, что влечет сокращение ненужных запасов у потребителя. Большую роль в статье расходов играют сбор и доставка пустых товароносителей. Контейнеры, поддоны, тара-оборудование относятся к товароносителям и при внутригородских перевозках зачастую бывают многооборотные, а потому требуют возврата отправителю. При четком соблюдении графика обмена, точном определении оптимального количества возможен эффективный обмен товароносителями. The connecting core of the work of all warehouse departments is warehouse information services, which involves managing information flows. Information flow management, depending on the technical equipment, can be either an independent system or an integral part of a subsystem of a general automated system. Successful logistics services to customers make this company stand out from its competitors. The key to the profitability of a warehouse is the rational implementation of the logistics process. Therefore, when forming a logistics process, it is necessary to achieve an optimal warehouse layout: allocate work areas that help reduce costs and increase the level of the cargo processing process; when arranging equipment, effectively use space, which allows you to increase the capacity of the warehouse; significantly reduce the fleet of lifting and transport machines through the use of universal equipment that performs various warehouse operations, increasing warehouse throughput and reducing operating costs, minimizing intra-warehouse transportation routes; significantly reduce transport costs when using centralized delivery and unitization of delivery lots; reduce time and costs associated with document flow and information exchange by using the capabilities of the information system. Sometimes the reserves for effective operation of the logistics process, perhaps not very significant, lie in the simplest things: clearing cluttered aisles, improving the quality of lighting, organizing the workplace. There are no trifles in the search for reserves for the rational operation of a warehouse; everything must be taken into account and analyzed, and the result of the analysis must be used to optimize the functioning of the logistics process. There are three types of systems for promoting goods through sales channels, which are distributed according to the degree of orientation to market needs. In pull systems, goods are shipped as they are received and based on current orders from the wholesale and retail structures of the distribution system. In push systems, goods are issued by suppliers to wholesale and retail divisions according to a strict and pre-agreed schedule, based on previously issued long-term orders from wholesale and retail sales structures, which have been adjusted by suppliers. The sales task in these systems is aimed at preliminary and therefore anticipating demand acquisition of inventories in the wholesale and retail sales chains. In just-in-time systems, the order is shipped according to a pre-agreed list, according to a pre-approved schedule and in certain quantities. The sales task in these systems is aimed at retail trade, without additional (insurance) stocks. The most obvious example is bakeries. Есть еще один вид системы - комбинированный. При комбинировании основная часть поставок происходит путем применения электронного обмена данными в режиме реального времени. This exchange presupposes the presence of computer communications between manufacturers, intermediaries, sellers and service companies (banks, forwarders, insurance companies). Participants in electronic exchange place and confirm their orders, as well as pay for supplies and order vehicles, and exchange information about customers. The exchange of information allows you to act quickly and coordinatedly. Для снижения уровня издержек и улучшения обслуживания клиентов также используется информация. The quality of service and its price characterize the effectiveness of commodity distribution systems. 6. Warehouse documentation Registration, accounting and movement of goods must be carried out in accordance with regulations. Поступление, передвижение и выдача товарно-материальных ценностей сопровождается оформлением первичных документов, которые содержат количественные и качественные показатели. Primary documents are drawn up on the basis of the requirements of the “Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation”. В некоторых случаях в первичные документы включаются дополнительные реквизиты. Responsibility for urgent and accurate execution, provision of them within the agreed time frame for the preparation of accounting records, for the veracity of the data specified in the document lies with the persons who generated and signed these documents. Primary documents accompanying the operation of receiving, storing and releasing goods at trading enterprises after the end of the audit are stored for three years based on the regulatory list. If disputes or disagreements arise and legal cases are initiated, the documents are retained until the final court decision is made. Перемещение заказа от поставщика к потребителю сопровождается товаросопроводительными документами, которые оформляются согласно правилам перемещения груза, накладными - товарно-транспортной, железнодорожной, счетом. The invoice is issued by the financially responsible person when registering the release of goods from the warehouse, when accepting goods in a trade organization, and acts as a receipt order, or a commodity document. For the invoice, it is necessary to indicate the number and date of issue, also indicate information about the name of the supplier and buyer, the name and brief description of the goods, its quantity and the entire amount of the goods issued. The invoice must be signed by the financially responsible person who delivers or accepts the goods, and is certified with the round seal of the organization. The number of copies of the invoice depends on the type of organization, the place of transfer of goods and the conditions for receiving the goods. Acceptance (posting) of incoming goods is formalized by applying stamps on the accompanying document: waybill, invoice and other documents. При условии, что товар получает материально ответственное лицо не на складе у покупателя, нужным документом выступает доверенность, которая является подтверждением права получения товара этим материально ответственным лицом. A certificate of conformity for the purchased product is required when purchasing or accepting the product, so it is necessary to monitor its availability. The goods receipt log is kept in any form and serves to record primary documents on the receipt of goods by financially responsible persons; it contains the name of the receipt document, its date and number, a brief description of the document, the date of registration of the document and information about the goods received. The basis for settlements with suppliers are documents issued for the acceptance of goods, and their data cannot be revised after the goods have been accepted by the organization (with the exception of natural loss and damage during transportation). Поступающие товары ставятся на приход в день завершения приемки по реальному количеству и сумме. Для оформления права выступать доверенным лицом организации при получении материальных ценностей, отпускаемых поставщиком по наряду, счету, договору, заказу, соглашению, применяется доверенность. Доверенность выписывается в одном экземпляре бухгалтерией организации и выдается под расписку получателю. Форму М-2а используют предприятия, где получение материальных ценностей по доверенности носит массовый характер. В заранее пронумерованном и прошнурованном журнале учета выдачи доверенностей регистрируют выданные доверенности. Доверенности лицам, не работающим в организации, не выдаются. Доверенность полностью заполняется и должна иметь образец подписи лица, на имя которого выписана. Срок действия доверенности, как правило, 15 дней. На получение товарно-материальных ценностей в порядке плановых платежей доверенность возможно выписать на месяц. A receipt order (form M-4) is issued to account for materials received from suppliers for processing. On the day of receipt of valuables at the warehouse, a receipt order in one copy is drawn up by the financially responsible person. It reflects the actual amount of material assets accepted. The “passport number” column is filled in provided that material assets containing precious metals and stones are accepted. For the movement of material in the warehouse for each specific grade, type and size, a materials accounting card (form M-17) is used, filled out for each material number and maintained by the financially responsible person. Entries in the card are made on the day of the operation, based on the primary receipt and expense documents. If there is a limit, a limit intake card (form M-8) is used for the release and registration of materials periodically used in the manufacture of products, and for ongoing monitoring of compliance with accepted limits for the release of materials for production needs. Она играет роль оправдательного документа при списании материальных ценностей со склада. Лимитно-заборная карта оформляется в двух экземплярах на один вид товара (номенклатурный номер). Первый экземпляр до начала месяца отдается структурному подразделению (потребителю материалов), второй экземпляр выписывается для склада. When a representative of a structural unit presents his copy of the limit and intake card, materials are released from the warehouse to production. The storekeeper must note in both documents the date and quantity of materials issued, after which the remainder of the limit is calculated by the item number of the material. The limit card is endorsed by the storekeeper, and the copy that remains in the warehouse is signed by an employee of the structural unit. To reduce the number of primary documents, where appropriate, it is recommended to register the issue of materials directly in materials accounting cards (M-17). With this form, consumable documents for the release of materials are not drawn up, and the operation itself takes place on the basis of limit cards, which are drawn up in one copy and have no significance as accounting documents. The vacation limit can be indicated on the card itself. When receiving an order, an employee of a structural unit signs on the materials accounting card, while the storekeeper signs on the limit and intake card. The limit-fence card is used to account for materials that were not used in production. In this case, no additional documents are required. The issuance of material in excess of the norm and the replacement of one type of material with another is possible with the permission of management or persons authorized to do so. The person who set it can change the limit. The release of material assets is carried out from those warehouses that are indicated in the limit-fence card. The storekeeper sets the date and quantity of materials issued, after which the limit is summed up for each item number of materials. After using the limit, the warehouse delivers the limit-fence cards to the accounting department. При помощи средств вычислительной техники можно получить бланк лимитно-заборной карты с реквизитами. To account for the movement of material assets within an organization between structural divisions or financially responsible persons, an invoice requirement (Form M-11) is used. Материально ответственное лицо структурного подразделения, сдающее материальные ценности, составляет накладную в двух экземплярах. Один экземпляр является основанием для сдающего склада для списания ценностей, а второй необходим принимающему складу для постановки в приход полученных ценностей. The same invoices accompany the processes of delivering production residues, unused materials, if they were received upon request, to a warehouse or storeroom, as well as the delivery of waste and defects. This type of invoice is endorsed by financially responsible persons, the sender and the recipient. Then the invoices are handed over to the accounting department to record the movement of materials. To account for the supply of material assets to the structures of one’s organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations, an invoice for the supply of materials to the third party (form M-15) is used. An employee of a structural unit issues an invoice in two copies based on contracts, orders and other documents upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney, completed in the prescribed manner, to receive material assets. Первый экземпляр отдают складу как основание для отпуска материалов, второй находится у получателя материалов. The return of goods to the supplier if a defect or defect is found during the sale of goods or if the goods do not comply with standard requirements and the agreed sample for quality, if incompleteness of the goods is identified, is carried out by issuing an invoice for the release of goods to the third party (form M-15). The conditions for returning goods to the supplier are different and are specifically stipulated in the supply agreement. Accounting and registration of goods sold to third parties depends on the method of payment for the purchased goods between the buyer and seller. When concluding an agreement, the parties can choose any form of payment. Typically, a set of shipping documents contains: an invoice or invoice indicating the distribution of goods among packages, a shipping specification for all packages, a set of packing lists, a certificate of conformity or a certificate of quality, a waybill, an insurance policy. When delivering goods by road, a waybill is issued, which consists of two departments, goods and transport. Other documents accompanying the cargo may be attached to the waybill, depending on the characteristics of the goods. When using railway transport for delivery, the railway waybill serves as an accompanying document. Packing lists are attached to it, which is noted on the invoice. 7. Packaging in warehousing logistics Тара - это разновидность упаковки, которая используется для размещения в ней продукции и служит для предотвращения повреждений и порчи при транспортировке, работах, связанных с погрузкой и разгрузкой, складировании и хранении. К таре относят ящики, бочки, контейнеры. The container is divided: 1) according to materials: made of wood, metal, glass or a combination; 2) by dimensions: large and small; 3) by the time of use: for one-time, returnable and negotiable; 4) by strength: hard, soft and semi-hard; 5) according to the device: for non-separable, folding, collapsible and collapsible-folding; 6) according to characteristic properties: maintaining a given temperature at a certain time, maintaining a given pressure, and leaking; 7) if possible access: open and closed; 8) by constructive purpose for transport and consumer. Transport containers are used for transportation and are removed before retail sale. Consumer packaging comes with the product to the consumer. For example, transport packaging includes a box or container, consumer packaging includes a box for a TV, a cup for yogurt, etc. A separate group includes packaging equipment for placement, transportation, storage and possible sale of goods from it (barrel-trailer for trade in kvass). According to the conditions of use and accessory, containers are classified as production, inventory and warehouse. Industrial packaging is needed for intra-plant or inter-plant technological operations (for example, containers used for products during their transportation). Inventory containers are the property of the enterprise and must be returned to the owner (for example, baskets in self-service stores). Warehouse containers are used for stacking, storing, assembling and placing goods in a warehouse (trays, boxes, etc.) 8. Packing in warehousing logistics Goods must be sent in packaging that must correspond to the nature of the goods. Чтобы не терять поврежденную тару, на складах организуют ремонт поступавшей тары. Упаковка служит для предохранения товара от повреждений и коррозии при транспортировке разного вида транспортом с учетом нескольких перевалок в пути, а также срока хранения, в частности его длительности. Packaging can be a means or act as a set of means that should provide protection and protect against losses during transportation, warehousing, stacking, transshipment and other operations. Packaging is often a carrier of information about the product - its name and manufacturer; As a rule, recently a barcode has been applied to the packaging; sometimes the packaging contains operating information, handling marks and transport markings are indicated on it. Packaging plays an important role in marketing; a well-developed packaging design contributes to the sale of goods. Важно отметить логистические функции упаковки, именно они, как правило, определяют результативность манипуляционных, транспортных, складских и других мероприятий. The logistics functions of packaging include: protective, storage, transport, handling, information and disposal. The main function of packaging is to protect products; it must ensure the safety of the product throughout its entire promotion path. Destruction or damage to goods may result in losses at a price not comparable to the cost of packaging. Warehouse, transport and handling functions determine the suitability of packaged goods for mechanization and automation of processes. Therefore, the packaging should have a standard size, which facilitates further storage and formation of cargo packages. The correctness of the information located on the packaging facilitates, and sometimes promotes, the correct storage, manipulation and management of product promotion. The recycling functions of packaging are also related to logistics processes, because the recycling and disposal of used packaging also belongs to the logistics departments. They allow us to talk about a systematic approach to taking into account all aspects of logistics processes, including packaging, and the listed logistics functions. Это означает, что упаковывание не может рассматриваться только с одной стороны, например с точки зрения маркетинга. Оно должно соответствовать целому комплексу требований. Of course, the marketing functions of packaging are considered to be more significant, but logistics functions also occupy not the least place in importance. Снижению логистических расходов, повышению бесперебойности и надежности логистических процессов способствуют развитие упаковки и совершенствование ее логистических функций. The cost of packaging, which is not formally related to the product, should be attributed to logistics costs. Упаковка может иметь различную конструкцию и изготавливаться из различных материалов, с разным сроком использования. 9. The main stages of creating a warehousing system The warehousing system ensures optimal distribution and management of goods in the warehouse. It is necessary to take into account all the relationships and interdependencies between the commodity flows entering and leaving the warehouse, as well as the internal warehouse flows of the facility when developing a warehousing system. Be sure to take into account the parameters of the warehouse, the characteristics of the cargo, etc. The development of a warehouse system is based on the selection of a rational system from all practically possible systems to solve the problem posed through quantitative and qualitative assessment. В ходе этого выбора выявляются связанные между собой элементы, которые собираются в отдельные основные подсистемы: вид складирования, оборудование, применяемое для обслуживания склада, схема комплектации, организация перемещения груза, обработка информации, складируемая товарная единица и само здание склада, рассматриваемое с учетом конструктивных особенностей. The multivariability of the system increases the combination of elements that make up the main subsystems in various combinations. This means that the selection of competitive options is carried out taking into account a certain sequence during the technical and economic assessment of each of them. The choice of system is carried out by warehousing in the following order: 1) the actual place of the warehouse in the logistics chain and its functions are determined; 2) определяется совокупная направленность технического состояния складской системы; 3) the purpose is determined, on the basis of which the storage scheme is developed; 4) aspects of a particular warehouse system are selected; 5) проводится оценка каждого конкурентоспособного варианта с технико-экономической позиции; 6) a preliminary selection of competitive options is made from all actually possible ones; 7) осуществляется технико-экономическая экспертиза каждого конкурентоспособного варианта; 8) the choice of the most optimal variant is carried out. With the help of diagrams and diagrams developed on a computer, the elements of warehouse subsystems are selected. The next step in planning a warehousing system is to determine the goal towards which this planning is aimed, namely: the construction of a new warehouse building; expansion or restructuring of an existing warehouse; equipping with additional equipment or importing new ones; optimization of actual solutions in operating warehouses. Различные подходы к разработке систем планирования порождают принципиальные отличия. In the first two cases, the storage system depends on the choice of criteria for the warehouse structure and the identification of its design features, with the help of which optimal technological processes are carried out. In such cases, the starting point when creating a warehousing system is the “stored cargo unit” subsystem, and the final subsystem will be the “building”, because it is the identification of warehouse criteria that will be the result of the entire development. When developing systems for existing warehouses, they are guided by existing buildings and their parameters. In this regard, the “building” subsystem becomes decisive for the remaining subsystems. 10. Methods of accounting and control of stocks of products in the warehouse If the company always has the required quantity of the required product for sale, inventory management is carried out successfully. With successful management of goods in the warehouse, there is no less and no more, but exactly as much as needed. It is natural to want to purchase goods for future use in anticipation of increased sales volumes and if working capital is not limited. When stocking a warehouse, it is necessary to take into account the likelihood of a price reduction, since excess inventory of goods leads to a loss of additional profit when prices fall. Therefore, the goods must be purchased as close as possible to the implementation date. Physical and moral aging and damage during storage entail losses. Design changes, consumer choice of another type of product, and the vagaries of fashion lead to instant obsolescence of goods. But low inventory levels are not very desirable either. An enterprise cannot purchase goods at the time of receiving an order from a consumer, since delays associated with placing orders, transportation, and warehouse processing of goods are inevitable. Stability and rhythm of sales are facilitated by maintaining inventories at a certain level in accordance with the sales forecast. In order to fulfill orders without delay, the company must always have a sufficient quantity of goods. However, you should not invest a lot of money to create extra stocks, since this money will not bring profit, and the goods will be useless in the warehouse. The optimal inventory level is a relative value and is somewhere between too high and too low levels. Inventory is not considered as a single whole; it is necessary to control each item of goods. The organizational structure of the sales network, demand, management strategy, inventory formation and control are the main aspects of inventory management in order to accelerate turnover. Provided that distribution and sales are systematically organized, highly efficient trade is now possible. Inventory management based on scientific methods, computerization of accounting, statistics, analysis, forecast and processing of all documentation allows you to speed up customer service and reduce storage costs. Typically, inventory management is carried out under various constraints. There are restrictions on the timing of orders and their execution, on the economic volume of batches and on the level of inventories themselves. Uninterrupted trade at the lowest cost and maximum satisfaction of demand is the goal of the management strategy. Uninterrupted trade is a type of trade in which consumer orders are fulfilled exactly within the specified time frame; this type of trade is carried out with the obligatory timely replenishment of stocks. Наименьшие затраты возможны при соблюдении бюджета, путем размещения заказов по самой оптимальной системе. При следовании рекомендациям поставщиков относительно выгодности объемов и сроков заказов достигается снижение затрат на заказы, получение и складирование партий товаров. Achieving the established percentage of order satisfaction according to the list is the maximum satisfaction of demand. Due to the impossibility of storing the entire list of goods even in a warehouse system, not a single supplier hopes to fully satisfy demand. When choosing a system of work, the main role is played by the costs of the control system. 11. Warehouse planning Warehouses differ in the type of storage structures, namely in their design: they can be in the form of open areas, semi-closed areas (using a canopy) or be completely closed. An enclosed storage facility is a self-contained building containing storage space; This type of warehouse structure is the most common. The warehouse building can be multi-story or one-story. Depending on the height, single-story buildings can be regular, high-rise, or mixed. One of the main tasks when developing a system is to maximize the use of the entire warehouse area and its full volume. When constructing a building, the features of the warehouse are taken into account, which directly affect its capacity. In modern warehousing, preference is given to one-story warehouses, and taking into account the rise in land prices and the emerging innovations in the field of warehouse design, warehouses with a high-rise storage area. The total costs of a high-rise warehouse are several times less than the costs of a warehouse with the same volume but lower height. At the same time, the large area of the warehouse makes it easier and more rational to place warehouse equipment and use technical means. This means that there are opportunities to increase the level of mechanization. To create optimal operating conditions for the latest high-performance and lifting-and-transport machines and mechanisms, it is necessary that the warehouse space be unified, without partitions and with a minimum number of columns. Если высота складирования груза приближается к высоте склада, то весь объем помещения используется наиболее эффективно. For loading and unloading operations outside, along warehouses, and at large warehouses and inside, platforms are built to which trucks drive up or wagons have access. When designing new or rebuilding old working warehouses, it is necessary to allocate rooms or separate areas intended for carrying out the main operations of the warehouse technological process. General purpose warehouses require premises: main purpose, technical, administrative, household and auxiliary. In the premises of the main purpose, zones are distinguished: unloading, receiving goods, grouping orders for sending to the customer, packaging and loading. These zones, as a rule, are interconnected by passages or driveways. The storage area occupies the main territory of the warehouse, adjacent to it are the picking (grouping) and packaging areas of goods. The picking area is connected to the shipping area, and the unloading area is connected to the goods receiving area. In large warehouses, the unloading area is usually separated from the shipping area. In small and medium-sized warehouses, these areas are often combined if the two processes can be separated in time. 12. Trade and technological processes in the warehouse The organization of trade and technological processes in a warehouse is one of the most important components of logistics, because it affects the uninterrupted performance of basic warehouse functions. In the organization of these processes, two main areas can be distinguished: the organizational structure of warehouses and organizational measures, as a link in the normative management of the promotion of physical and information flows. In the organization of warehouse processes, in addition to structures, certain organizational processes have a significant place. Typical trade and technological processes associated with the operation of a warehouse can be called: processes associated with the technical conditions of the warehouse and its equipment, fire protection, and protection against theft. The distribution function of a warehouse is characterized by its own processes, namely: processes associated with the receipt and issuance of goods, and the placement of inventories within the warehouse. For the information function - processes related to warehouse accounting and other information activities. An effective warehousing system determines the rationality of warehouse technological processes. Каждый из этих процессов должен быть известен персоналу склада, а их выполнение является важной составляющей корректного протекания складского процесса. 13. Product quality check Products that arrive at the warehouse in serviceable containers are accepted based on quality and completeness. Checking the quality and completeness of products received in containers is carried out after opening the container, but no later than the established regulatory deadlines, unless other deadlines are provided for in the contract due to the characteristic features of the goods supplied. Machines and equipment that arrived in containers and have warranty periods for service are checked for quality and completeness after opening the containers, but no later than the established warranty periods. At the supplier's warehouse, products are accepted for quality in cases where it is provided for in the contract. Если при подготовке к продаже торговые организации обнаружили производственные недостатки, которые не были выявлены в ходе проверки качества при приемке товара, они имеют право составить акт о скрытых недостатках и в определенный срок предъявить его поставщику. Hidden defects are those defects that cannot be detected during the usual inspection for a certain type of product: they are revealed only during processing, preparation for installation, directly during installation or use and storage. Product quality checks are carried out in strict accordance with standards and in strict compliance with the developed rules. If a quality discrepancy is detected with the requirements of the standards, the contract, or the data specified in the labeling and accompanying documents confirming the quality of the products, the recipient stops the acceptance of the products to draw up a report, which specifies the quantity of the inspected products and indicates the defects identified during acceptance. The recipient must ensure the safety of rejected products in conditions that do not contribute to further deterioration in quality and mixing with other similar products. If this is provided for by the special terms of the delivery agreement, the recipient calls a representative of the sender to participate in the continuation of acceptance and the drawing up of a bilateral act. 14. Choosing the location of storage systems Large warehouses are best located close to transport routes, keeping in mind that they cannot be built near schools, kindergartens, hospitals and residential areas. Access roads and entrance to the warehouse must allow unimpeded passage of heavy vehicles. Транспорт должен двигаться, не создавая опасность или помехи основному движению, в соответствии с правилами дорожного движения. Since it is usually prohibited for heavy vehicles to park along the roadsides in front of the warehouse while awaiting shipment or loading, parking is equipped on the territory of large warehouses to ensure the placement and maneuvering of road trains. On the territory of the warehouse or in its immediate vicinity there should be specially equipped rest areas for drivers awaiting shipment or loading. It is advisable to place large warehouses in ground-based structures that are specially equipped, taking into account the mandatory presence of a ramp, the height of which corresponds to the lower level of the cargo compartment of the vehicle. When choosing a warehouse location from among competitive options, the most profitable is considered to be the one that involves a minimum of total costs for the construction and further operation of the warehouse, including transportation costs for dispatch and delivery of cargo. The territorial location of warehouses and their number are determined by the scale of material flows and their rational organization. It is also necessary to take into account the demand in the sales market, the size of the sales territory and the presence of a sufficient number of consumers on it, the location of suppliers and buyers, features of communication links, etc. Allows you to take an appropriate stable position in the market and the ability of logistics systems to adapt in dynamic conditions, which is an important aspect when organizing the work of business structures. Author: Mishina L.A. << Back: Purchasing activities in logistics (Classification of inventories. Basic concepts of purchasing. The essence of purchasing activities. Order management, preparation of orders. Forms of organization of purchasing activities. Cost structure in purchasing activities. Documentation of the order. Efficiency of purchasing activities. Acceptance of supplied products) >> Forward: Transport logistics (Essence, principles and functions of transport logistics. Basic concepts of transportation and freight forwarding. Types of cargo transportation. Advantages and disadvantages of individual types of transport. Transport documentation. Transport management. Routing of cargo flows. Transport-logical chains, information support. Delivery and distribution systems. International road transport)
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