LECTURE #1. Logistics

1. The concept and essence of logistics

Logistics is the art of reasoning, calculating. In economics, logistics is a scientific and practical activity related to the organization, management and optimization of the movement of material, information and financial flows from the source to the end user. At the beginning of the 60th century in Russia, professors of the St. Petersburg Institute of Communications published the work "Transport Logistics", on its basis models of troop transportation were built, which received practical application in conducting and planning military operations of the First World War. During the Second World War, logistics was widely used in the logistics of the army. The active use of logistics in the economy dates back to the 70-XNUMXs of the last century. Until the middle of the last century, great importance was not attached to the creation of schemes for the supply of goods. This period is characterized by the development of production. However, by the middle of the last century, it became necessary to find ways to create competitive advantages. At this stage, monetary investment in the distribution system affects the position of the supplier in the market more than investment in production. Tracking all stages of the movement of raw materials, parts and final products allows you to see the losses allowed in the usual schemes for managing material flows. In logistically organized chains, the cost of goods at the final point is lower than the cost of the same goods in the absence of a logistics approach. This monitoring shows a clear economic benefit from the use of logistics in the economy. That is why logistics began to be used for more efficient management of material flows. The active use of logistics was helped by scientific and technological progress, which made computer technology and instant communication more accessible. This made it possible to monitor material and information flows, managing them at all stages of movement.

2. Functions and tasks of logistics

There are two types of logistics functions: operational and coordination. Operational functions are related to the management of the movement of material assets in the field of supply, production and distribution.

In the field of supply, this is the management of the movement of raw materials, materials, stocks of finished products from the supplier to the manufacturing plant, warehouse or retail store.

At the production level, logistics is management, including control of the movement of a semi-finished product through all stages of production, as well as the movement of goods to warehouses and markets.

Distribution management covers the organization of the flow of final products from the producer to the consumer. The functions of logistical coordination include: identifying and analyzing the material needs of various parts of production, analyzing the area of ​​​​markets in which the organization operates, forecasting the development of potential markets, processing customer needs data. The essence of these functions is to coordinate supply and demand. Based on the relevant information, logistics deals with matching the demand presented by the market situation and the proposal developed by the organization. From the coordination function of logistics, another direction was formed - operational planning. Based on the demand forecast, a transportation schedule and a procedure for managing stocks of finished products are developed, as a result, production planning is determined, the development of programs for the supply of raw materials and components. From the fundamental positions, the following functions of logistics are distinguished: backbone, integrating, regulating, resulting.

Backbone logistics is a system of effective technologies for providing resource management.

The integrating function is the provision of logistics for the synchronization of sales, storage and delivery processes with reference to the market of means of production and the provision of intermediary services to consumers. The regulatory function is to implement the management of material, information and financial flows to reduce costs.

The resulting function implies the activity of delivering goods in the right quantity at a certain time and place with the required quality at the lowest possible cost. The criterion for determining the effectiveness of the implementation of logical functions is the achievement of the ultimate goal of logistics activities.

The tasks facing logistics can be divided into general, global and private. Achieving maximum effect with minimum costs is the main global task of logistics. Modeling of logistics systems and factors of their functioning is also referred to as global tasks.

General tasks include:

1) creation of a system for regulating material and information flows;

2) forecasting the possible volumes of production, transportation, storage;

3) determination of the inconsistency between the need and the ability to implement it in production;

4) identification of demand for a product developed and promoted within the logistics system;

5) organization of pre-sales and after-sales service.

Based on the solutions to common problems, a network of warehouse systems is created to organize customer service and optimally attach them to production points.

Private tasks have a narrower focus and include:

1) creation of minimum stocks;

2) the maximum reduction in the storage time of finished products;

3) reduction of transportation time.

The basic rules of logistics can be formulated as follows: the right product of the required quality in the right volume is delivered at a certain time and place with minimal cost. The main object of research in logistics is the material flow. The actions attached to the material flow are called logistic operations, or logistic functions. Material resources in a state of movement, work in progress, manufactured products, to which logistics operations or functions are applied, determine the material flow.

A logistics operation is a movement coordinated with the emergence, absorption and transformation of the material and accompanying information, financial and service flow.

The logistics function is an autonomous component of logistics operations aimed at solving the tasks put forward for the logistics system and links. The combination of logistics operations and functions depends on the type of logistics system.

3. Basic concepts of logistics

The concept of a logistics system is central to logistics. A complex organizational system, consisting of fragments of links, combined in one process of managing material and related processes, is a logistical one. The tasks of functioning of the links of the system are united by internal tasks of the business structure or external goals. Certain functional links and relationships are established between the elements-links of the logistics system. Some economic and functionally isolated object is called the logistics link of the system. It fulfills its narrow role, defined by logistics operations and functions. There are several types of links in the logistics system: generating, transforming and absorbing. Often there are mixed links of the logistics system, in which three main types are presented at once, combined in various combinations.

Material flows in the links of the logistics system can converge, split up, branch out, change their content, parameters and intensity. Enterprises-suppliers of material resources, marketing, trade, intermediary organizations of various levels, enterprises of information and trade services and communications can act as elements of the logistics system.

Another concept of logistics is the supply chain. A large number of links in the logistics system represent a logistics chain.

The links in the logistics chain are linearly ordered by material, information, cash flow with the task of analyzing or designing a specific set of logistics functions or costs.

The next concept in logistics is the logistics network. A logistics network is a large number of links in a logistics system that are interconnected by material or related information and cash flows within the boundaries of the logistics system.

The logistics network is a narrower concept in contrast to the logistics system, which is characterized by the presence of a higher logistics management that implements the target function of the system.

The concept of total costs is usually associated with another concept in logistics - a logistics channel. A logistics channel is an ordered set of links in the logistics system, which includes the full volume of logistics chains or their participants, conducting material flows from the supplier of material resources needed for the manufacture of a particular type of product to direct consumers.

The concept of a logistics channel includes external, intra-production and macro-logistics groups within a certain framework of each logistics operation. Therefore, the concept of total logistics costs is fundamentally important.

4. Factors and trends in the development of logistics

In industrialized countries, interest in the development of logistics is associated with economic reasons. The development of logistics was predetermined by the following factors: increased requirements for the quality characteristics of the process, the transition from the seller's market to the buyers' market. This transition was accompanied by significant changes in distribution systems and production strategies. If earlier the sales system was adjusted to production, then in conditions of market oversaturation, production programs are formed depending on the volumes and divisions of market demand. In a highly competitive environment, adapting to the interests of the clientele requires manufacturers to respond to these requests, which leads to an improvement in the quality of service, minimization of order execution time and strict adherence to the agreed delivery schedule. Time factors, together with the price and quality of products, have become decisive for the successful functioning of the enterprise. It should be noted the complication of the implementation problem with a parallel interest in the quality of the distribution sphere. A similar reaction arose from manufacturing firms to their suppliers of resources and materials, as a result, a complex system of relations between various market representatives was formed, which required modification of existing models of organization in the field of supply and marketing. The replacement of traditional conveyors with robots has led to significant savings in human labor. The production of small batches of products has made it cost-effective to create flexible manufacturing systems. Large enterprises were given the opportunity to restructure their activities from mass production to small-scale production at minimal cost. Small firms have been able to increase their flexibility and competitiveness. Work on the principle of "small batches" in the system of organizing the provision of material resources and the sale of finished products led to appropriate changes. Often deliveries in large quantities became not only uneconomical, but in some cases were simply not needed. There was a need to move goods in small batches within tighter deadlines, but there was no need for large storage capacities at enterprises. At the same time, transportation costs were covered by funds released from the reduction in storage space. As directly determined the development of logistics, in addition to the above, it is necessary to note the following factors: the use of systems theory and trade-offs for solving economic problems, the introduction and use of personal computers of the latest generations in the field of commodity circulation and economic practice, as well as the acceleration of scientific and technological progress; in countries that carry out intensive communications with each other, the standardization of technical means of communication, moving stock and handling facilities, the elimination of various import and export restrictions. The ascent from the lower stage of development of logistics to higher ones, as a rule, is gradual or, when favorable conditions appear, zigzag. Such conditions can be considered the merger of enterprises, a change in the management regime, political initiatives. An analysis of the levels of development of logistics showed that those companies that use a versatile approach to logistics management improve their performance. The development of logistics in advanced economies in recent years is characterized by the transfer of the function of monitoring the distribution of finished material from manufacturing enterprises to specialized firms.

5. Basic principles of logistics

In order to master logistics and improve it, some firms set up advisory centers. The development of logistics is carried out in conjunction with the development of the concept of logistics and its principles. Of paramount importance in the development and creation of logistics systems are the principles that determine the nature and essence of the entire coordination device in general and its individual aspects in particular. There are several basic principles that reflect a logistical approach to solving a problem in production and economic activities.

1. The principle of synergy. This principle defines an integrated and systematic approach to achieving certain goals. Given the interaction between the mechanism of production and circulation, on the basis of this principle, it is possible to achieve a better result in the whole structure by coordinating actions in all interrelated processes than by improving the functioning of individual elements of the logistics system.

2. The principle of dynamism. Logistic systems should reflect the essence of the processes they cover and should not be frozen organizational and economic formations.

The essence of the logistics process lies in the progressive dynamics, which is determined in the development, striving for improvement. Dynamism determines the supply and marketing operations, means and objects of labor, goals and objectives expressed at the next stage of development.

3. The principle of completeness. This principle means that systems in logistics should be built as a community of several or many elements that are closely interconnected. Within the framework of the logistics system, the permanent autonomous functioning of any individual elements is not allowed. Emergencies and non-standard situations are an exception.

4. The principle of initiative. Logistics systems built on this principle presuppose the manifestation by the formed structures of the ability to determine the reaction to probable events, together with the ability to create and regulate subjective conditions that positively affect the processes of economic activity.

5. The principle of expediency. Focuses on attracting the potential that plays a positive role in achieving the goals. In the choice of organizational, technical and technological structures, selectivity is manifested, expressed by the desire to reduce costs or travel time in the conditions of the possibility of solving certain problems in several ways.

The concentration of interrelated functions in the joint structures for storage and transport facilities under a single management determines, first of all, the implementation of the principles of logistics. The transition to integrated management is carried out with a logistic approach, in contrast to the traditional one, where management is often isolated. The progressiveness of economic systems in terms of logistics is achieved not by increasing the material and technical base, but by improving it. With the logistic approach, all factors that are related to the economic system and that are associated with it are consistent. The most effective indicators in the organization of economic activity are achieved as a result of the parallelism of the mechanism of production, transportation, supply and marketing with the maximum integration of interconnected systems and subsystems on the principles of logistics. A decrease in the volume of stocks, uncoordinated material flows, a reduction in storage costs, the movement of material resources and manufactured products occurs as a result of the implementation of logistics principles.

The principles of logistics make it possible to improve the methodology and improve the quality of organizational design, to provide a systematic approach to the design of transport and storage, production, communication and information subsystems.

The practical application of logistics tasks and principles depends on the specific situation and is diverse.

6. Information support in logistics

The introduction of information and computer technologies into all business areas determines the current state of logistics. Without the use of high-speed computers, the implementation of most logistics concepts is impossible. Information support of the logistics process is so important that specialists single out information logistics, which has independent significance in business and information flow management.

Information flow is a flow of messages in paper and electronic (documentary), speech and other forms, put forward by the initial material flow in a certain logistics system, between the links of the system or the logistics system and the environment and is intended for the implementation of control functions.

It is possible to single out elementary, key, complex and basic information flows in connection with logistic actions and functions.

Information flows in connection with the logistics system are divided into:

1) passing inside the logistics system or its link, or flow;

2) passing between the logistics system and the external environment.

The most common types of information media are streams on paper and magnetic media.

According to the time of occurrence of information, flows are divided into:

1) regular (stationary);

2) periodic;

3) operational.

Regular correspond to a time-limited data transmission, periodic are strictly limited by the transmission time, and operational provide communication between subscribers in an interactive mode. Depending on the purpose, control, auxiliary information flows, information flows for conducting accounting and analytical activities, for making decisions, flows of regulatory and reference information are determined. In modern logistics, the increasing role of information flows is due to the following main reasons.

A necessary element of the consumer logistics service is information about the status of the order, the availability of goods, the time of delivery, and release documents. The availability of complete and reliable information from the position of supply chain inventory management can reduce the need for labor reserves by minimizing the relativity of the demand line. The flexibility of the logistics system is increased by information in this approach, when resources can be used to achieve specific benefits.

Logistics management has numerous indicators and characteristics of information flows:

1) terminology of transmitted messages, types of data, documents;

2) data volumes;

3) data transfer rate;

4) throughput of information channels;

5) noise immunity.

Between information and material flow there is no unambiguous synchronous correspondence of occurrence in time. The information flow either advances or lags behind the material one. Sometimes the material flow is a consequence of the information flow. Typical is the presence next to the material flow of several informational ones. The information flows accompanying individual logistic functions can be very complex and rich in terms of workflow.

The specific needs of logistics management determine the information flows in the logistics system when developing some of the details of regulatory planning, analysis and accounting. As an example, consider a diagram of sources of information and emerging information movements when predicting the dispersal of stocks of manufactured products in the distribution network. When planning an enterprise's inventory of finished products, consumer requests, sales forecasting, distribution decisions, and inventory management costs are taken into account. Information reflecting the needs of consumers details the classes and groups of consumers in a certain part of the market, the ways of delivering finished products to each group and the formation of a logistics service.

Information flows carry information about product requirements, the cost of finished products, the procedure for ordering and delivering finished products to consumers. To predict sales volume, information sources include information such as:

1) information on previous sales of a specific assortment of the market;

2) the number of sales of competitors' goods;

3) the entire volume of sales of this market segment;

4) market demand for finished products;

5) reliability and accuracy of information on previous sales;

6) planned changes in the quality characteristics of finished products;

7) economic directions in changing the structure of consumer demand;

8) short-term forecasts in the finished product distribution system;

9) forecast for the development of new markets.

Information flows characterizing decisions in the distribution system can be divided into those characterizing the temporary causes of operations in the dividing network and reflecting the accuracy and reliability of data. Information that reduces the uncertainty of timing distribution combines order fulfillment data. The time parameters of transportation are related to the choice of a delivery scheme, route, etc. The cycle of receiving an order, its duration include information about the time of delivery of the goods, the destination, the time of loading and unloading operations, and paperwork. Associated with a decrease in the uncertainty of other parameters, information flows take into account the terms of delivery, the reliability and accuracy of information when managing stocks. The considered information flow for one function of logistics management gives an idea of ​​the complexity and diversity of information flows in the logistics system.

7. Control in logistics

To achieve continuous efficiency in any type of production and economic activity, it is necessary to have an appropriate control system. Flow process control is no exception. Without an effective control subsystem, the logistics system cannot be considered fully capable. The absence of this subsystem leads to significant losses. The parallelism and coherence of the mutual processes of all subsystems and subsystems in the logistics system breaks down, the reliability of the cumulative work of various components and individual subjects of activity drops sharply. The time of unrecorded periods of non-use of machinery and equipment is increasing.

The quality of manufactured products, work performed and operations is declining, which adversely affects the level of customer service. Increased risks and significant costs in the course of regulating material, cash and other flows entail the failure to apply the necessary control. Lack of control can be a very dangerous threat, but it is not the only cause of risks. The quality of the developed tactical and strategic decisions plays an important role, because the nature of risks in production and economic activities is diverse.

Making the right tactical decision makes it possible to relatively quickly check ongoing processes and, accordingly, reduce or eliminate potential losses. Risks of a strategic nature, arising on a long-term basis, require complex insurance schemes for feasibility assessments.

8. Types of concepts in logistics, their characteristics

There are several periods of improving the systems for promoting goods and finished products: during the absence of logistics, traditional logistics and the period of new logistics. Each of these periods is characterized by conceptual approaches to the creation of these systems, as well as, respectively, to their management criteria. The management of material distribution was fragmented in the pre-logistic period.

Logistics and transport were not seen as interrelated areas of activity, but as an appendage to wholesale trade and even as a parasitic element in the organizational structure of the enterprise. On the scale of the company, responsibility for this area of ​​activity was assigned to one of the lower levels of the management vertical. During this period, the rapid development of road transport significantly increased its role in the movement of goods. Transport optimization has become a priority. In favor of efficiency was the minimum price for the movement of goods by public transport vehicles and the minimum cost of transportation by own rolling stock. At first, the tariff and route specialists performed the function of cargo flow management, then their duties began to include the selection of transport service options and various additional services.

There was a need to control transportation, check cargo accounts, packaging, weighing, and related work. The job of a freight forwarder has become more versatile. This and the above factors formed the basis for the development of logistics. It is not something completely new and unknown to practice. The problem of the rational movement of materials, finished products and raw materials has always been the subject of close attention.

The innovation of logistics consists in changing the criteria for the economic activity of enterprises, where the main role is played by the management of the methods of distribution. Another innovation of logistics lies in the application of a combined approach to the positions of the movement of commodity resources in the process of reproduction. Management of the material flow, consistency of actions with a fragmented method of management is clearly insufficient. With this approach, the necessary sequence is not observed and it is not possible to link the actions of various departments of enterprises.

Based on an integrated approach, logistics involves the consistency of methods that are interconnected with material flows, production and marketing. And along with all of the above, the innovation of logistics is to use the theory of trade-offs in the economic activities of firms. The innovative approach of logistics made it possible to move away from autonomous regulation by various methods of goods movement and to combine them, which made it possible to obtain such a result of activity that exceeded the sum of individual effects. The period of traditional logistics is distinguished by the creation of a logistics system that replaced the process of optimizing transportation in enterprises. This period is determined by the presence of several conceptual approaches to the creation of logistics systems that differ in the scope of application in the harmonization of economic interests, as well as criteria.

Economic interests within the framework of each conceptual approach had an intralogistical functional character. And they did not affect the production activities of firms.

In the first approach, the scope of harmonization of economic processes was the costs of certain logistics operations of one company with the criterion of minimum total costs for material distribution. This approach has led to certain results. It turned out to be possible to minimize the costs of the entire logistics system by increasing the costs of some operations in order to reduce the costs of other operations. A typical example of this approach is the increase in transportation costs by reducing the cost of managing stocks of warehousing. A positive economic effect while minimizing total costs was given by the orientation towards the use of intra-functional compromises (harmonization of economic interests). The cost criterion limits the financial capabilities of the enterprise, since it does not reflect the impact of demand on the ratio between profit and expenses. As a result, a transition was formed to extracting the maximum profit of the company from the logistics operation, which takes into account both demand and costs. However, the new approach also had a number of limitations.

The allocation of a logistics mechanism within the production infringed upon the interests of enterprises participating in one logistics process. Therefore, at the end of the period of traditional logistics, there were changes in its concept. The maximum profit from logistics operations of all enterprises participating in the process has become a criterion for the formation of an optimal management and distribution system.

The beginning of the 1980s was marked by a new period in the development of logistics - the period of new logistics (neologistics). The need for its implementation was justified by the fact that none of the zones operating within the enterprise, including logistics, as a rule, has the necessary resources and capabilities in order to respond quickly enough to changes in external conditions alone and work effectively autonomously. Joint efforts of all structural parts of the organization were required to optimize the response. The work required specific knowledge and experience of managers who considered the activities of enterprises as a whole. The conceptual approach is called the integrated, or enterprise-wide approach. Within the framework of this approach, the logistics functions are considered as the most important subsystem of the general production system.

What does it mean: logistics systems are created and managed based on a common goal - to achieve maximum efficiency in the work of the entire enterprise. Attention began to focus on cross-functional trade-offs, not excluding production and other non-logistics departments. Minimizing the costs of the entire enterprise has become a criterion for this approach.

9. Basic concepts of information logistics

Logistics can rightfully be considered an essential factor in the implementation of measures aimed at increasing the economic positiveness of production and marketing. In the matter of rationalizing these structures of activity, great progress can be made in the case of maximum consistency of commodity and information flows when they merge, which is the priority task of logistics. To solve this problem, it is necessary to use the standardization of material and technical relations on a large scale and organize the functioning on the basis of fundamental analysis and the use of new technologies that ensure the automation of operations.

It can be represented in the form of horizontal functional subsystems in the procurement, production and marketing sector as the main links of the logistics system, which are divided into a number of structures. Each of these elements is inevitably present in any production, logistics combines them into a system with specific goals and objectives that relate to the area of ​​minimizing the costs of the entire production, and not this individual element.

Information support of production is a tool for a similar association, starting with purchases and ending with the marketing system. The reason for success or failure in the external sphere of the enterprise's activity in the market may be: obtaining operational information about an event or situation prevailing in the market, refusal or receipt of a request for delivery.

An important role is played by the complex of information support. The connecting threads are the flows of information on which all elements of the logistics system are "put on". The creation of databases, communication within the enterprise, the presence of a number of decision-making activities involves an information network.

Even in the recent past, the main problems that worried the developers of logistics systems related to the field of physical flows of goods and raw materials.

Accompanying documentation was considered as information support for the process of movement of goods from the supplier to the consumer.

With the development of logistics systems in production, the need began to be felt for the development and implementation of logistics information systems that could combine all logistics subsystems into one.

The successful implementation of this concept into practice was facilitated by the realization that information at the present level of production development is a self-sufficient production factor.

Its potential opens up great prospects for strengthening the competitiveness of enterprises. For the effectiveness of the analysis of the information activity of logistics, it is necessary to take the entire logistics system as a base of functionally limited logistics subsystems, the operation of which as a whole is provided by information logistics to the extent of its own subsystems. Such a division is very conditional.

In practical activities, close interweaving and interaction are the mainstay of the successful work of the entire complex as a whole. One more aspect should be noted.

The main place for planning and managing production is the organic ratio of centralization and decentralization in the work of individual subsystems. As a rule, the well-organized separate work of each subsystem does not lead to the best result in the activity of the entire system. Even in the presence of highly qualified personnel, the functional isolation of individual production units can slow down the increase in the efficiency of the entire system as a whole.

The presence of such a system of information, which would allow to link together all activities and organize its management based on the possibility of a single whole, is the main component of the work of the entire production. To create an information logistics system at the production level, you need to draw up its model.

An information system at the production level is a component that links together and coordinates supply, production and marketing.

The definition of a supply coordination system consists in decomposing physical flows into independent sections of transportation and warehousing, in preparing information about the period and state of the flow on an exact time scale.

Information logistics goes well with computer technology. The computer system is mutually beneficial.

First, such a system optimizes the management of increasingly complex logistics over time. For compact production with a synchronous type of delivery, such as "just in time", the coordination of the movement of incoming goods becomes more and more important.

Secondly, the optimization of the work of information logistics in the exchange of supply data affects the increase in the level of inventory management.

Distributed to a network of firms, the exchange of supply data allows the manufacturer to reduce the costs associated with supplying the work of a complete supply chain. By optimizing its operation, the manufacturer receives tangible savings. The resulting savings are divided in certain shares between the manufacturer, supplier and transport company, reimbursing the costs invested in the creation and maintenance of up-to-date information systems, and creating additional profit from their use.

Getting the effect of the action of information logistics stimulates all participants in the logistics process to maintain the achieved level of this process, as well as to invest new funds in its optimization. The constantly growing database of the coordination system helps to evaluate the effectiveness of the logistics services.

The analysis of the existing system is one of the approaches to the formation of a scheme of information flows in production. It involves the reduction of certain production units to individual components, combining which, you can get a model for analyzing options for enterprise units.

The structural model must contain the main elements:

1) production capacities and means of realizing the material flow. Combining these elements, researchers and organizers of the system divide the entire structure of production into buffer and technological. With this approach, all types of activities are considered from the receipt of raw materials to the transfer of finished products to the consumer.

2) instant response to the slightest change in market conditions, which is a vital necessity. This response is possible with the effective functioning of the information flow and all information logistics as a whole.

10. Marketing logistics

In the modern period, the use of marketing in distribution logistics is justified, which can contribute to a more optimal course of improving marketing activities.

From the standpoint of the logistics approach, the concept of marketing is divided as a general business idea, covering the entrepreneurial activities of all services, and as a functional activity of a special service for studying the markets for products, determining prices and compiling price lists, developing promotions, etc. The most important are the following functions marketing:

1) market research;

2) its differentiation in relation to supply and demand;

3) ensuring the advantages of its product in relation to competitors;

4) development of a marketing proposal.

Development of a marketing proposal for options for a particular marketing activity is a central function of marketing.

Firms must carry out extensive research on the product market to determine the marketing proposition.

Market research is one of the defining prerequisites for organizing the promotion of goods. This process was determined in a separate structure of intra-company activities.

In connection with the orientation of enterprises to a particular market of goods, the role of market research has especially increased. Manufacturers are in dire need of detailed information about the market for their products and the transformation in consumer demand.

The information received from the employees of the sales department is sometimes incomplete for making a qualified decision.

11. Financial flows in logistics

In a developing market economy, an increase in the efficiency of promoting commodity flows is achieved by optimizing financial services, which determines the importance of studying logistics cash flows and inventory items. Commodity-material values ​​unite all types of material goods, including real estate, services and intangible assets are classified as commodity-intangible assets.

The least studied area of ​​logistics is currently the mechanism of financial service of commodity flows. In the specialized literature, some of the issues related to its content are not considered at all. There are significantly different points of view on the other part of the issues. Already at definition of essence of financial streams there are certain distinctions.

There are several approaches to determining financial flows. Cash flow refers to any movement in the macro- or microeconomic environment. Financial flow refers to movement only in the logistics system. In any way of organizing business activities, there have always been financial flows in one form or another.

The greatest efficiency of their movement, as practice has shown, is achieved by using the logistical principles of regulation of material and financial resources, which leads to the formation of a new term - the logistical financial flow.

To ensure the efficient movement of commodity flows, financial logistics flows are created and used. The need to service the process of movement in time and space of inventory and intangible assets is the specifics of the logistics financial flow.

Logistic financial flow is a directed movement of financial resources.

The need to ensure the movement of material flow is determined by the direction of the movement of financial resources in logistics.

The movement of financial resources occurs either in the logistics system or between the logistics system and the external environment. In terms of composition, logistical financial flows are heterogeneous in a number of ways (direction of movement, purpose, etc.). The need for their detailed classification necessitates the formation of more positive methods of managing logistical financial flows.

In logistics, certain signs are used to classify financial flows: relation to the logistics system, direction of movement, form of payment, type of economic relations.

Financial flows within the framework of consideration of a certain logistics system are external and internal. Outside the studied logistics system, an external material flow flows in the external environment; inside the logistics system, an internal financial flow passes, which changes when a number of logistics operations are performed.

From the external environment, the incoming financial flow enters the logistics system, starts its movement from the considered logistics system and continues to exist in the external environment, the outgoing financial flow. Logistic financial flows can be divided into groups according to their purpose: financial flows that pass in accordance with the process of purchasing goods, for the reproduction of labor, associated with the formation of material costs, investment financial flows.

All financial flows in logistics, depending on the forms of payment used, can be divided into two groups: cash financial flows that determine the movement of cash, and information and financial flows, which are characterized by the movement of non-cash financial resources.

Cash financial flows are divided into cash flows on ruble accounts and on currency settlements. In information and financial flows, there are flows of non-cash financial resources, payment requirements, etc. Along with cash flows, there are information and material and accounting and financial flows.

Logistic accounting and financial flows characterize the movement of financial components within the framework of this process.

According to the types of production relations, financial flows are divided into longitudinal and vertical. Longitudinal reflect financial resources between equal representatives of entrepreneurial activity, vertical financial flows arise between subsidiaries and parent commercial organizations.

In each specific case, it is necessary to establish its own specific composition of the classification features of logistical financial flows.

The main task of the financial service of commodity flows in logistics is to ensure their movement with financial resources in the required volumes, within a certain time frame and using the most optimal sources of financing.

In the most primitive case, a certain commodity flow corresponds to a financial flow.

The variety of forms and directions of development of the financial market is the specificity of its work under the condition of calm market relations in Russia.

It should be noted that the effective use of the details of the stock market allows you to optimize the work of financial flows and significantly improve business performance.

The analysis of the financial mechanism for servicing commodity flows showed that the existence of a commodity flow is due to the presence of a logistical financial flow.

The volume, source of occurrence and time of the beginning of the movement of the financial flow depend on the form of payment agreed with the supplier and customer of the goods and on the additional conditions prescribed in the contract of sale.

The practice of using various types of securities to optimize mutual settlements, which has become widespread in recent years, has led to a complication of the cash service scheme for commodity flows, but on the other hand, to an increase in efficiency.

In the field of logistics and financial planning, subject to certain conditions and the use of a specific financial service mechanism, the use of securities allows you to save money on the delivery of goods.

Author: Mishina L.A.

>> Forward: Logistics systems (The concept of logistics systems. Goals and objectives of the analysis of logistics systems. Basic concepts of logistics systems. Models of logistics systems. Micrologistic systems. Design of logistics systems. Management in logistics systems. Efficiency of a logistics system. Planning in logistics systems. Technology of operation of a logistics system. Principles and laws logistics system management)

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The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Aircraft model crossed the Atlantic 17.12.2003 Aircraft model TAM-5 (transatlantic model-5), created by American amateur modeller Maynard Hill, independently made a transatlantic flight from Newfoundland to Ireland. The plane, weighing 4,9 kilograms (half the weight was fuel), made of balsa wood and Mylar film, was controlled by two on-board computers that were guided by navigation satellites. The distance of 3040 kilometers was covered in 38 hours and 23 minutes. Conclusion to the trajectory and landing was carried out manually from the shore by radio. The flight took place at an altitude of about 150 meters. Computers once a minute reported via satellite basic data about the flight: speed, altitude, coordinates, engine speed. The success of the flight was ensured by avionics - aviation electronics.

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