What is the name of the largest mountain in the world? Detailed answer

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What is the name of the largest mountain in the world? Detailed answer

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What is the name of the largest mountain in the world?

Mauna Kea, the highest point on the island of Hawaii.

The extinct volcano rises only 4206 m above sea level, however, if we measure the distance from the seabed to the top, we get 10 m - about 200 km more than the height of Everest.

As for the mountains, today the "highest" is conventionally considered the distance from sea level to the peak, and the "largest" is the distance from the foot of the mountain to its top.

Thus, Everest at an altitude of 8848 m is the highest mountain in the world, but not the largest.

Some, for example, argue that Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania (5895 m) is larger than Everest, since it rises directly from the African Plain, while Everest is just one of the many peaks that crown the huge foothills of the Himalayas, along with thirteen of the highest mountains in the world. .

Others argue that it is much more logical to measure the distance from a mountain peak to the center of the Earth.

Since the Earth is a flattened sphere rather than a perfectly round one, its equator is about 21 km farther from the center than either of the poles.

On the one hand, this is good news for the reputation of those mountains that are located close to the equator - for example, for Mount Chimborazo in the Andes - but there is another side to the coin: in this case, you have to admit that even the beaches in Ecuador are "higher" than the Himalayas .

For all its grandeur, the Himalayas are surprisingly young. By the time of their final formation, the dinosaurs had been dead for only 25 million years.

In Nepal, Everest is known as Chomolungma, meaning "Mother of the Earth". In Tibet, it is called Sagarmata, which in the local dialect means "forehead of the sky." Like any healthy young man, Everest continues to grow, though not at a very impressive pace - only 4 mm per year.

Author: John Lloyd, John Mitchinson

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

How did the poet Johann Wolfgang Goethe influence the development of painting?

The German poet, thinker and naturalist Johann Wolfgang Goethe (1749-1832) at one time wanted to become an artist, but he lacked talent. He wrote a treatise "To the teacher of drawing", in which he foresaw the modern theory of colors. This book was translated into his native language by the English painter Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851).

Goethe described how best to use the laws of color perception in painting. Turner recognized his point of view and used it in his work.

According to experts, it was under the influence of the ideas set forth in the book that Turner was able to convey in his canvases those subtle visual impressions that arise when light is reflected by water or viewed through rain, steam or fog. Some features in Turner's brushwork anticipated French Impressionism and Expressionism.

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Mold has learned to feel gravity 04.05.2018

When there are few nutrients around, the mold Phycomyces blakesleeanus does the same as many other fungi - it forms fruiting bodies with spores. Spores can survive adverse conditions, in addition, they can be sent somewhere to a new place, where it may be easier to live. The fruiting bodies of the fungus stretch upwards from the mycelium in order to better scatter the spores. But how does the mushroom understand where is up and where is down?

It is known that P. blakesleeanus feels gravity: its cells contain large membranous vesicles, vacuoles, in which a protein crystal floats. This crystal is large enough, and therefore it tries to fall to the bottom of the vacuole, and the fungus, sensing the movement of the crystal, concludes in which direction the fruiting body should be grown.

Researchers from the National University of Singapore decided to find out in more detail what protein the "gravitational crystal" is made of and what kind of gene encodes it. The protein, called OCTIN, is encoded in a gene that the fungus once received from a bacterium: a comparison of genetic sequences showed that the octin gene has clear bacterial relatives.

In itself, this is not so surprising: we have repeatedly written about the so-called horizontal gene transfer, when DNA sequences are not transferred vertically, not from parents to children (that is, not from parent cell to daughter), but horizontally, between adult cells .

Horizontal gene transfer is extremely widespread among bacteria and archaea, and recently there are increasing reports that it occurs among eukaryotic organisms (which include fungi), and that genes can even travel between different kingdoms in this way - for example between bacteria and fungi. For example, the ability to cooperate with plants appeared in fungi precisely thanks to bacterial genes. And the ancestor of P. blakesleeanus could well have borrowed its octin from some bacterium.

But the bacteria themselves have no room in their cells for large protein crystals. Those bacterial proteins that turned out to be related to the fungal OCTIN also fold into crystalline structures, but only in very small ones. Therefore, the ability of a protein to crystallize under natural conditions had to be somehow developed. Indeed, the fungal OCTIN evolved more amino acids that help to firmly bind different protein molecules to each other (that is, during natural selection, those specimens of the fungus that had suitable mutations in the protein gained advantage).

It also turned out that immediately after the synthesis, OCTIN does not crystallize well, and in order for it to begin to crystallize well, it must be cut into two parts - only after such an operation will a sufficiently large crystal be obtained. But the enzyme that cuts OCTIN is only in that very vacuole. Thus, the assembly of the "gravitational crystal" occurs only where necessary.

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