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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Rose. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Rose, Rosa. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Pink Family: Rosaceae (pink) Origin: Eurasia, North America, Africa, South America Area: Diverse, found on all continents except Antarctica Chemical composition: Pink flowers and fruits contain vitamin C, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, flavonoids and essential oils. In addition, roses contain a number of beneficial trace elements such as potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese. Economic value: Roses are often grown as ornamentals and are also used in cosmetics and perfumes. From rose petals, rose water and rose oil are produced, which are used in cooking, aromatherapy and medicine. In addition, the rose is popular in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Greek mythology, the rose is associated with the goddess of love, Aphrodite. According to one legend, roses arose from the drops of blood of the goddess shed while saving her son Eros from being hunted by the Ares war. In Christian tradition, the rose is a symbol of the Virgin. It is also associated with the martyrdom of Jesus Christ and represents his blood shed on the cross. In alchemical symbolism, the rose represents the union of two opposites - male and female, earthly and heavenly. The rose also symbolizes the process of transformation, as a beautiful flower grows from an unsightly root. In Islamic symbolism, the rose is associated with the Garden of Eden and is a symbol of purity, beauty and ideal love. In Japanese culture, the rose represents beauty and delicacy. There is also a legend that the samurai, who left roses on the graves of his enemies, was especially courageous and noble. In medieval Europe, the rose was a symbol of chivalry and fidelity. She was also associated with the legendary realm of Arthur, where roses bloomed on the ground covered with snow.
Rose, Rosa. Description, illustrations of the plant Rose. Legends, myths, history
The queen of flowers - the rose - has been sung by people since ancient times. There are many legends and myths about this magnificent flower. In ancient culture, the rose was a symbol of the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite. According to ancient Greek legend, Aphrodite was born from the sea off the southern coast of Cyprus. At this moment, the perfect body of the goddess was covered with snow-white foam. It was from her that the first rose with dazzling white petals arose. The gods, seeing a beautiful flower, sprinkled it with nectar, which gave the rose a delicious aroma. The rose flower remained white until Aphrodite learned that her beloved Adonis was mortally wounded. The goddess ran headlong to her beloved, not noticing anything around. Aphrodite did not pay attention as she stepped on the sharp thorns of roses. Drops of her blood sprinkled the snow-white petals of these flowers, turning them red. In Greek mythology, as a symbol of love and passion, the rose became the emblem of the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite (Roman Venus), and also symbolized love and desire. From ancient Greek myths, we know that the temples dedicated to the goddess of love Aphrodite were surrounded by thickets of roses, and the goddess herself loved to take baths from rose water. During the Renaissance, the rose was associated with Venus because of the beauty and fragrance of this flower, and the sharpness of its thorns was associated with the wounds of love. There is also an ancient Hindu legend about how the god Vishnu and the god Brahma started a dispute about which flower is the most beautiful. Vishnu preferred the rose, and Brahma, who had never seen this flower before, praised the lotus. When Brahma saw the rose, he agreed that this flower was the most beautiful of all plants on earth. Thanks to its perfect shape and wonderful aroma, for Christians, the rose has symbolized paradise since ancient times. Speaking of yellow roses, we recall the legend of the ruler who, leaving on a campaign, instructed his minister to monitor the honesty and loyalty of his wife. And the minister had his own daughter, whom he dreamed of marrying the ruler. The ruler's wife was a loving and faithful wife. When the ruler arrived, he asked the minister: "Did my wife keep up appearances?" To which he replied that his wife behaved obscenely and she had many men. The ruler did not believe, and then the cunning minister suggested: "Take white roses from the vase and throw them into the pool. If they turn yellow, then I'm telling the truth, and if not, your truth." And in the pool, he preliminarily collected warm mineral water. Roses there, of course, turned yellow. Since then, yellow has become a symbol of treason. In the Eastern tradition, on the contrary, yellow symbolizes health, goodwill and joy. Yellow color in Germany is considered a symbol of wealth and gold. There, yellow flowers can easily be presented for a wedding or birthday. In China, according to legend, the great Confucius was also fond of the rose, who sang it as the queen of flowers. It is also said that more than 500 volumes in the library of the Chinese emperor tell only about the rose, and in the imperial gardens it grows in incredible quantities. Whether the ancient Jews sang the rose is an unresolved question. However, according to the Talmud, the red rose grew out of the innocently shed blood of Abel and therefore should serve as an adornment for every Jewish bride at a wedding. The Mohammedans attribute a cleansing power to the rose - according to legend, a white rose grew from drops of Mohammed's sweat during his nightly ascent to heaven, so not a single Mohammedan will step on a rose, and a petal lying on the ground will immediately shift to a clean place. Purifying power is attributed to rose water: Mohammed I, for example, after taking Constantinople, ordered to wash the church of St. Sofia from top to bottom with rose water before turning it into a mosque. People composed many legends and fairy tales about a beautiful rose. The beauty and mystical appeal of the rose attracted the attention of man. She was loved, she was worshiped, she was sung from time immemorial. Rose enjoyed the love and popularity of all the peoples of the world.
In ancient Greece, the bride was decorated with roses, they strewn the path of the victors when they returned from the war, they were dedicated to the gods, and many temples were surrounded by beautiful rose gardens. During excavations, scientists found coins on which roses were depicted. And in ancient Rome, this flower adorned the homes of only very rich people. When they held feasts, the guests were showered with rose petals, and their heads were decorated with wreaths of roses. The rich bathed in rosewater baths; they made wine from roses, they were added to dishes, to various sweets, which are still loved in the East. And then roses began to be grown in other countries. In ancient Rome, the rose had another peculiar meaning: it acted as a sign of mystery and silence. Ancient Roman legend says that Gaprocrates, the god of silence, persuaded Venus to a love union. To hide this shameful fact, the son of Venus, Cupid, gave Harpocrates a white rose. The presence of an artificial white rose mounted on the ceiling in the center of the hall was considered necessary to restrain the careless outpourings of intoxicated guests. This meaning of the rose is reflected in the Latin proverb "sub rose dictum" - "said under the rose", that is, said in secret, not subject to disclosure. According to archaeological data, the rose has existed for about 25 million years, and in culture, the rose has been grown for more than 5000 years, and for most of this time it was considered a sacred symbol. The fragrance of roses has always been associated with something divine, awe-inspiring. Since ancient times, the custom of decorating temples with fresh roses has been preserved. It was grown in the gardens of the East several millennia ago, and the very first information about the rose is found in ancient Indian legends, although Persia is considered its homeland. In ancient Persian, the word "rose" literally means "spirit". Ancient poets called Iran Polistan, that is, the country of roses. Bengal roses come from India, tea roses from China. According to legend, Lakshmi, the most beautiful woman in the world, was born from an opened rose bud. The progenitor of the universe Vishnu, having kissed the girl, woke her up, and she became his wife. From that moment on, Lakshmi was proclaimed the goddess of beauty, and the rose was a symbol of the divine secret that she keeps under the protection of sharp thorns. There is another legend - Hindu, according to which the deities argued which flower is better, a rose or a lotus. And of course, the rose won, which led to the creation of a beautiful woman from the petals of this flower. The Queen of Flowers was also appreciated by privileged persons. Roses were bred under Peter I and Catherine II. In the XNUMXth century, the rose first came to Russia. It was brought by the German ambassador as a gift to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. In the gardens, they began to breed it only under Peter I. The temptress Cleopatra seduced the impregnable warrior Mark Antony among the mountains of fragrant rose petals. According to the legend of ancient India, during the celebrations, one of the rulers ordered to fill the ditch with water with rose petals. Later, people noticed that the water was covered with a film of pink essence. This is how rose oil was born. For the ancient Greeks, the rose has always been a symbol of love and sadness, a symbol of beauty in poetry and painting. One Greek legend tells us how the rose appeared - it was created by the goddess Chloris. Once the goddess discovered a dead nymph - and decided to try to revive her. True, it was not possible to revive, and then Chloris took attractiveness from Aphrodite, from Dionysus - a heady aroma, from the Graces - joy and bright color, from other deities everything else that attracts us so much in roses. So the most beautiful flower appeared, ruling among all the others - a rose. The ancient Greek poetess Sappho called the rose "the queen of flowers". The great Socrates considered the rose the most beautiful and most useful flower in the world. In the II millennium BC. e. roses were depicted on the walls of houses in Crete, and thousands of years later - on the tombs of the pharaohs in ancient Egypt. The ancient Romans deified the beauty of roses so much that they planted them in the fields instead of wheat, and in winter they took the flowers from Egypt by whole ships. Another story why the rose turned red - she blushed with pleasure when Eve, who was walking in the Garden of Eden, kissed her. The rose is the flower most revered by Christianity. It is called so - the flower of the Virgin. The painters depicted the Mother of God with three wreaths. A wreath of white roses meant her joy, red - suffering, and yellow - her glory. The red moss rose arose from the drops of Christ's blood flowing over the cross. The angels collected it in golden bowls, but a few drops fell on the moss, a rose grew out of them, the bright red color of which should remind of the blood shed for our sins. Poets and writers were inspired by the legend of the nightingale and the rose. The nightingale saw a white rose and was captivated by its beauty, which in delight pressed it to his chest. A sharp thorn, like a dagger, pierced his heart, and scarlet blood stained the petals of a wondrous flower. Muslims believe that the white rose grew from the sweat drops of Mohammed during his nightly ascent to heaven, the red rose from the sweat drops of the archangel Gabriel who accompanied him, and the yellow rose from the sweat of the animal that was with Mohammed. Knights once compared the ladies of their hearts to roses. They seemed as beautiful and impregnable as this flower. On the shields of many of the knights, a rose was engraved as an emblem. There is also a historical mention of the rose. The War of the White and Scarlet Roses in 1455-1485 is the struggle for power of the English nobility, which brought numerous destructions. The war ended with the victory of Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster, who founded a dynasty that ruled England and Wales for 117 years. The frequently encountered surname Rozanov also came from a rose - this surname was given by one count to a family of serfs who were released into the wild for their outstanding skills in caring for roses, in which the father of this family outdid a specially invited Englishman.
Roses are grown in the garden and in the house, they make bouquets for offerings and such a bouquet is always the most revered. But bouquets were made with meaning. And in this case, it is the rose that holds the palm:
Author: Martyanova L.M.
Rose. Myths, traditions, symbolism
In antiquity, in the symbolism of the rose, the myth of the death of Adonis, the beloved of Aphrodite (Venus), from whose blood, according to legend, the first red roses grew, came to the fore. Thanks to this, they have become a symbol of love and rebirth that conquers death. The holiday of the rose "Rosalia" is attested in the ancient Roman cult of the dead from the 1st century BC. and was celebrated depending on the locality between May 11 and July 15. This custom is still observed in Italy on Trinity Sunday (domenica rosata - Pink Sunday). Participants in the festivities in honor of the god of wine and fun, Dionysus, were crowned with roses, as there was a belief that the effect of a rose cools the heat of wine and prevents drunks from blurting out secrets. As a result, the rose also became a symbol of secrecy, and five-petalled roses were willingly cut to decorate confessionals. "Sub rosa," that is, under the seal of silence, literally means "under the rose." In Christianity, the red rose was a symbol of the blood that the crucified Christ shed, and at the same time of heavenly love, referred to in Dante's Divine Comedy as the "white rose". The poetry of the troubadours, on the contrary, saw in the rose a tangible symbol of earthly love, and to this day the rose continues to be a symbol of love. In contrast to the above, the white rose in many of their tales and legends is a symbol of death.
Church iconography made the rose as the "queen of flowers" a symbol of the queen of heaven Mary and virginity; in the Middle Ages, only virgins were allowed to wear wreaths of roses; Madonna willingly depicted "in the garden of roses." In alchemy, red and white roses symbolize the red/white dualistic system, both sulfur and mercury, and the seven-petalled rose indicates the seven metals and their planetary equivalents. The connection of the cross and the rose leads to the symbol of Rosicrucianism, the Evangelical Christian esoteric union of the Renaissance, which presented itself as the "Brotherhood of the Wise Men". The symbol of Rosicrucianism is a five-petalled rose on a cross. The personal seal of Martin Luther is a cross growing from the heart inside a five-petalled rose flower. The coat of arms of Johann Valentin Andrei (1586-1654), whose writings gave birth to the idea of the legendary union, was the St. Andrew's cross with four roses in the corners. Masonic symbolism pays great attention to the rose. When a member of the brotherhood was buried, three roses were placed in his grave. "Three roses of John" are interpreted as "light, love, life"; on John's Day (June 24), the lodge is decorated with roses in three colors, and some of the names of the lodges indicate this ("At the Three Roses" in Hamburg - the lodge into which G. E. Lsssing was admitted). Rosicrucian and Masonic symbolism is found in the poem "Secrets" by J. W. Goethe, which tells about a cross entwined with roses: heights. // Cross and roses in lightness are akin. // And holy life is poured out like a triple ray from a point in the middle."
The baroque poet V. X. von Hochberg pointed out (1675) that "there is no rose without thorns": Roses without thorns are never found, // This is how things are in human life. // There is an admixture of evil in pious people; they know: // The Lord will be with his people when they have a handful." In traditional Chinese symbolism, the rose plays a much smaller role than in the West. It means youth, but is not a symbol of love. Bekler (1688) writes about the meaning of the rose: “Flowers implicitly mean a blooming fertile state of full joys and hopes, which descendants accept as a virtuous heritage and must be preserved by glorious grandfathers. Roses belong to such flowers ... and royal dignity is attributed to them among other flowers, for they especially signify pleasure, generosity and secrecy Red roses at all times carry with them red blood, which everyone is obliged to give for freedom, for the fatherland or the church; likewise, the commander must expect every minute that his blood will be shed; and the rose was then an honor and a military sign, according to which the Romans believed that Mars was descended from the rose. Heraldic symbolism knows a rose in a highly stylized form (like a lily), most often as a flower seen from above with curved petals, and moreover, not only five-petaled, but also with six or eight petals of red or (less often) silvery or golden color. The most famous examples of coats of arms with roses are found in English heraldry, namely: the coats of arms of the eminent families of York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose). The Tudor Rose combines both roses. Southampton's town coat of arms features two white and one red rose. In Germany, the princes in Lippe and the burggraves of Altenburg introduced roses into the coat of arms, later the cities of Lemgo and Lippstadt. Author: Biedermann G.
Rose. Botanical description, plant history, legends and folk traditions, cultivation and use
The pedigree of the rose goes back to ancient times. The very first information about her is found in ancient Indian legends, although Persia is considered the birthplace of the "queen of flowers". In Persian, a rose is called gul. Gyulistan means "garden of roses", and "Gyul-name" is Saadi's book glorifying the rose Since ancient times, Persia has been affectionately called Gyulistan. The Persians love flowers, and the most popular theme of their poetry is the beauty of spring and the love of the nightingale and the rose. If the rose is plucked, the nightingale screams. Spring is beautiful, but, unfortunately, fleeting. This theme was widely reflected in Persian literature, the most prominent representative of which was Omar Khayyam. But not only Khayyam paid tribute to the rose. "Bustan" - a flower garden and "Gyulistan" - a rose garden - Saadi's famous compositions. "Gulistan" is a collection of funny stories and poems. "Bustan" is a poem that raises questions of ethics, morality and philosophy. Saadi's fascination with flowers influenced the choice of titles he gave to his books. And Nizami's poem "On the Love of Leyli and Majnun" gives us an idea of the Persian gardens of the twelfth century. The heroes of this poem are representatives of two warring tribes. Leili is slender and beautiful, like a cypress tree. Her eyes are like stars, and her cheeks are like roses. Together with Majnun, they study in the same mosque. But while their friends are working on books, Majnun and Leyli read the grammar of love in each other's eyes. And while their friends are learning to count, they consider tenderness to be the most important thing in life. Nizami describes the garden to which Layli comes. He mentions red tulips, yellow roses, daffodils: where "the leaves of a wild rose bathe in silvery fountains of jasmine, and the iris proudly raises its head to sing. Pigeons coo on the plane trees. A nightingale sits on the highest branch and sighs like Majnun, and below a rose like Leyli lifted her head and looked at the bird." Of all the flowers, the Iranians prefer the rose and breed a great variety of its varieties. Perhaps the original Persian rose was also a magnificent double rose with a musky scent. And in the garden of Negaristan you can find the rose Eglanteria - up to six meters high, with a trunk up to seventy centimeters in circumference. This rosewood has no analogues in the world. It is believed that the fragrant Persian rose was brought to India in the sixteenth century by the ruler who laid the foundations of the Mongol empire, Babur, who devoted most of his life to gardening. And the wife of his great-grandson - Emperor Jahangir - Nur Jagan (Light of the World) is credited with the discovery of rose oil. The historian Manucci told about it this way: “Nur Jagan invited the emperor to a luxurious feast that lasted eight days. The girl ordered all the reservoirs in the garden and in the palace to be filled with rose water and forbade anyone to put their hands in this water. Tired, she fell asleep at about one from the pools. And when she woke up and began to go around the reservoirs to check if the water was contaminated, she found an oil film on the surface of the water. Nur Jagan was terribly angry, believing that a piece of fat had been thrown into the water. She wanted to know what the water was contaminated with, and she ordered the maid to run her hand over the surface film. When she sniffed the oil collected from the surface, she found that it exudes a very pleasant aroma. The film collected from the surface of other pools had the same aroma, and she came to the conclusion that the oil is formed, like dew, from the water itself. Satisfied that she had such a magnificent perfume, she rubbed the oil on her clothes and went to the emperor. The emperor was asleep, and when he was awakened, the wonderful aroma delighted him, and Nur Jagan told him the story of her discovery. This is how the secret of rose oil was learned in India." From the book "Myths of the Peoples of the World" we learn that Brahma, who argued with Vishnu about flowers, at first preferred the lotus, but when he saw the rose, he apologized to Vishnu and recognized the primacy of the rose.
But not only the gods were inclined to argue about colors. In the House of Representatives of the Congress of the United States of America, for about a hundred years, debates on the "election campaign of flowers" lasted, in which seventy candidates were rejected, and in 1986 it was recognized that the incomparable rose was considered the national flower of the country. According to legend, Lakshmi, the most beautiful woman in the world, was born from an opened rosebud, which consisted of 108 large and 1008 small petals. The progenitor of the universe Vishnu woke the beauty with a kiss, and she became his wife. From that moment on, Lakshmi was proclaimed the goddess of beauty, and the rose was a symbol of the divine secret that she keeps under the protection of sharp thorns. In ancient times, Hindus associated love, joy, mystery and silence with the rose. According to one of the ancient legends, the rose turned red from the fact that a drop of blood fell on its petals from the leg of Aphrodite, who pricked herself with a rose thorn during the search for Adonis. According to another, the rose turned red due to the negligence of Cupid, who dropped a drop of wine on it. Cupid is associated with the origin of rose thorns. Inhaling the scent of a rose, Cupid was stung by a bee; enraged, he shot an arrow at the rose, and the arrow turned into a thorn. According to other legends, the origin of rose thorns is associated with Bacchus, who was chasing a nymph and suddenly found himself in front of an insurmountable barrier of thorns. In order for the nymph, struck by the beauty of flowers, to stop, Bacchus turned thorns into roses. However, the frightened nymph continued to run, not paying attention to their beauty... Then the angry Bacchus endowed the rose with thorns. The nymph, wounded by the thorns, became exhausted and became the prey of the god. Since then, they say that there are no roses without thorns. In the Mohammedan East, the rose was considered a sacred flower. The Koran says that the rose arose from the drops of sweat of the prophet Mohammed. In the view of the Mohammedans, rose water had a sacred cleansing power, restoring desecrated shrines. Therefore, the militant Turkish sultan Saladin, who expelled the crusaders from Palestine and captured Jerusalem in 1187, ordered to deliver there a whole caravan of vessels with rose water, which was intended to purify the Muslim shrine - the mosque of Omar, the premises of which the crusaders used as a Christian church. Sultan Mohammed II, who took Constantinople in 1453, ordered to do the same "washing with a rose" of the Hagia Sophia mosque. Brought from Eastern countries to Ancient Greece, the rose is dedicated to the goddess of beauty, Aphrodite. The Greeks decorated the brides with wreaths of roses, and showered the suites of the newlyweds with rose petals. But the wreaths on the head and chest of the ancient Greeks were also a sign of mourning and a symbol of the shortness of life. The strength of their love for flowers can be judged at least by the fact that the first famous knitter of pink wreaths, Sinion from Glitzer, was immortalized by the Greek painter Pauzias. Subsequently, the Roman general Lucullus paid for a copy of this portrait in gold. The Romans believed that the rose instilled courage in the hearts, and therefore, instead of helmets, wreaths of roses were put on the warriors and the image of a rose was embossed on the shields. On the occasion of the victory, they decorated the head of the winner with a wreath of roses, and in houses they often hung a rose branch over the table as a symbol that what was said under the rose would forever remain a secret. Since then, there has been an expression "sub rose dihtum" - I told you under a rose, that is, under a big secret. Therefore, what has been said must remain a secret. The cult of the rose in Rome exceeded all measure. The patricians sent roses to their beloved matrons: the girls, bewitching their loved ones, fumigated themselves with pink incense; patricians bathed in rose water to keep their youth; and gladiators anointed their bodies with rose oil to be invincible in fights. In the Colosseum, the victorious gladiators were greeted with pink petal rain and decorated with wreaths. Going to a feast, the Romans put a rose wreath on a head sprinkled with rose oil or decorated the head, neck and hands with garlands of rose petals strung on a long thread. Healthy goblets were entwined with roses, the feasters reclined on pillows stuffed with these fragrant flowers, the columns and walls of the banquet hall were hung with pink garlands, the floor was strewn with rose petals, and the hall was refreshed by fountains of rose water. It is not surprising that the Roman emperor Nero once had to pay a whole barrel of gold for roses brought in the winter from Alexandria in Egypt for one of the feasts. Roses were also sung and revered in the East. In the fabulously beautiful gardens - the edemas of the Persian and Arab rulers - these flowers were fragrant everywhere, and even along the paths, rose water flowed along the graceful narrow ditches. The gardens of the sultans of Turkey, the Moorish gardens in Cordoba, the gardens of the Tatar khans in Bakhchisarai were buried in the lush multi-colored roses. "... Not a rose of simple rose bushes, but an extraordinary rose ... a fire of joy, a lush dawn, a rose "living light scarlet, velvety, fresh adorned these edemas, according to one of the Arabian tales from the Thousand and One Nights. Since ancient times, people have admired the rose. Although the ancient Egyptians of the time of the pharaohs, apparently, were not aware of the rose, just as it was not known to the biblical Jews. But later, the Egyptian queen Cleopatra, on the day of the reception of Mark Antony, ordered to cover the floors of the reception hall with rose petals for half an arshin. And as a sign of special favor to the warrior, Cleopatra gave Mark Antony a glass of wine in which rose petals floated.
With the fall of the Roman Empire, roses were forgotten for almost a hundred years. But the love for the beautiful flower did not disappear. During the time of Christianity, the holy fathers begin to call the rose a "flower of paradise" and dedicate it to the Mother of God. Legends arise: Saint Dominic, wanting to be pleasing to God, tears his chest with thorns that turn into roses. Saint Nicholas in a blizzard and bitter frost decided to take bread to the poor. But the hegumen forbade him to do so. At the same moment, a miracle happened - the bread turned into roses as a sign that the saint started a charitable deed. The rose, according to Christian mythology, embodies mercy, mercy, forgiveness, divine love, martyrdom and victory. Parts of the rose also take on a symbolic meaning among Christians: its greenery corresponds to joy, the thorns to sadness, and the flower itself to glory. Many people know the legend of the War of the Scarlet and White Roses, which lasted thirty years in England. It began in 1455 in the Temple Palace Park in London, where the leaders of the two sides of the royal dynasty gathered: Lancaster and York. The leader of the York party, Richard Plantagenet, was the first to pick a white rose and asked everyone who considers himself a true nobleman and values \uXNUMXb\uXNUMXbhis origin to follow his example. And the representative of the Lancasters, Somerset, invited brave people to stand on his side and recognize roses with scarlet petals. A quarrel broke out, a quarrel was followed by a war. This is how the events in Shakespeare's tragedy "Henry VI" are described. In fact, the coat of arms of the Lancasters had a scarlet rose, and the coat of arms of the Yorks had a white one. That is why the war was called the War of the Scarlet and White Roses. In memory of this, English gardeners subsequently bred a special variety of roses with white and scarlet petals, which they called Lancaster-York. There are no flowers more beautiful and fragrant than roses in the world... Knowing this, the French created a theater of roses, where plays are staged, the heroes of which are flowers. Almost all types of roses that exist in the world are collected in the Parisian rose garden: there are climbing multi-flowered (polyanthus) roses with up to two hundred flowers on one bush, and Chinese tea roses that bloom twice a summer - these are the so-called remontant roses. There is a rose called Golden Dream and a rose Joyful awakening, and one of the varieties is named. A thousand beauties, because the number of its different colors and shades reaches a thousand. The rose came to Russia through the Slavic tribes in the Balkans. In pagan times, the Rusalia festivals were associated with it, which later, according to the Christian calendar, fell on Trinity, on that spring-summer Sunday, when the forest was covered with greenery, and the water in the river heated up so much that it became suitable for swimming. The first terry, or, as it was then called, velvet rose, was brought in the XNUMXth century by the German ambassador to Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. In the gardens, they began to breed only under Peter I. Roses are white and pink, yellow and dark red, and even black and blue grow on the Hawaiian Islands. The color of the tropical sky gives off the beauty of pale blue petals. The blue rose is, of course, a rarity. But no less rare is the emerald rose, bred in the Napoca Botanical Garden in the Romanian city of Cluj. Graceful delicate petals of lime-green color of this rose resemble wings of dragonflies transparent with mother-of-pearl shimmer. The rose was and remains the queen of flowers. It seems to spread the breath of the future, although its flowering is short-lived. Knowing the short life of a rose, the ancient Persians came up with a very wise saying: "If you have passed by a rose, do not look for it anymore ..." The French poet Theophile Gauthier also dedicated heartfelt lines to the rose. In the poem "Vision of a Rose" he talks about a girl who returned from her first ball in her life. She carefully presses the scarlet pink flower, which accompanied her all evening, to her chest, and, reminiscing, tired and agitated, she falls asleep. It seems to the girl that the ghost of a rose appears in the window, which, having passed a half-empty room, invites her to dance. However, their dance ends with the first morning rays. The ghost of the times begins to melt, and the girl wakes up in sad bewilderment. In 1911, the talented choreographer Mikhail Fokin staged the choreographic miniature "Vision of the Rose" to Weber's music. The role of the girl was played by Tamara Karsavina - "the very embodiment of poetry and grace", as the French newspapers called her. Karsavina's partner was Vaslav Nijinsky, who led his part with such perfection that expansive fans plucked rose petals from his suit, not at all upset by their artificial origin. In 1967, the Bolshoi Theater revived this ballet. The rose has been walking from heart to heart through the centuries, but the story about it will not be complete if we do not remember the wild progenitor of the rose - the wild rose, which blooms magnificently in dense shrubbery along the banks of rivers and lakes. Its flowers consist of five oval pale pink, white, yellow or pink petals, which are guarded by thorns like faithful guardians. The white and yellow rosehip flowers were loved by the French poet Chateaubriand. One day he decided to give a bouquet to his beloved woman and was saddened to see that the flowers faded along the way. Chateaubriand wanted to apologize, but the woman remarked with a smile: "Alas, my friend, flowers die before words." Since ancient times, wild rose has been referred to by scientists as a natural pantry of vitamins, because nature does not know a plant richer in vitamin C than rose hips. They are suitable for the preparation of many culinary products. Young, not yet stiff shoots are used as vegetables, added to salads, side dishes and used to prepare first courses. From the petals, they prepare jam, a delicious tea drink and many decoctions, infusions, juices, kissels, kvass and compotes. In Altai and Siberia, plant seeds are also used: they are roasted, ground and brewed like coffee. Breeder Serena Chachopoas from the Brazilian city of Eoca do Acri brought out ... a coffee rose that emits the aroma of coffee. The researcher spent many years, and, finally, through interspecific selection, the coffee rose took root. To do this, the breeder had to sort out about a hundred varieties of roses and four dozen varieties of coffee from the "Arabic" group. I would like to finish the story about the rose with lines from the book "On the Properties of Herbs" by the ancient French physician Odo of Maine. "Right, a rose is considered to be a flower of flowers. Everything surpasses flowers in aroma and beauty, but not only in aroma and charm, a rose can please us, but is useful in an abundance of healing qualities" Author: Krasikov S.
Rosa damask, Rosa damascena Mill. Botanical description, distribution, chemical composition, features of use
Rose family - Rosaceae Shrub up to 150-200 cm high. The stems are covered with strong hook-shaped reddish spines. The leaves are alternate, unpaired, consisting of three to seven leaflets. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrated, pubescent below, shiny above; stipules glandular-ciliated, fused with petioles. Inflorescence corymbose or corymbose-paniculate, with seven to thirteen large double strongly fragrant flowers. The sepals are attached along the edge of the ovoid hypanthium, after flowering they are bent down. Petals are broadly obovate, with a shallow notch at the apex, narrowed towards the base into a short nail, pink or pale red, numerous. Stamens numerous, free, with thin filaments. Pistils are numerous, located freely at the bottom of the hypanthium. Fruitlets are nutlet-shaped, one-seeded; form, together with a fleshy overgrown receptacle, an oblong false red fruit. Blooms in June - July. Fruits are extremely rare. It does not occur in the wild. It is considered a hybrid species that apparently originated in Asia Minor. The essential oil is found mainly in the petals. In the cups of red rose flowers, the content of rose oil reaches 8-10%, in pink and new varieties of roses - 5-6% of its total content in flowers. Essential oil is a complex mixture consisting of a solid part - stearoptens (paraffin compounds) and an oily part. At 21-25°C, the essential oil has the consistency of fatty almond oil with a strong odor and a sharp taste. The content of stearoptens in some cases reaches 50%. The liquid part of the essential oil has a light or greenish-yellow color. The composition of an essential oil depends to a large extent on the place of growth of the species and the method of its extraction.
The oil obtained by steam distillation from the petals of the Crimean rose contains stearoptenes - 50%, geraniol - 20, citronellol - 14,3%, as well as citral and fatty aldehyde, nerol, eugenol, phenylethyl alcohol, etc. In addition, in Rose petals contain anthocyanins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins and fatty oils. Fatty oil contains esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and peanut acids. Rose oil is widely used in the perfume industry, as well as in the manufacture of confectionery, liqueurs, wines, soft drinks. For medicinal purposes, rose petals and rose essential oil are used. Rose petals were used in folk medicine as a weakly astringent, enveloping, antidiarrheal and antitussive remedy. Rose oil is used externally for allergies, as well as for the preparation of rose water, occasionally used as an eye lotion for inflammation of the eyelids, for applications and rubbing in cosmetics. Authors: Dudchenko L.G., Kozyakov A.S., Krivenko V.V.
Rosa damask, Rosa damascena Mill. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: wild rose hips, cock berries, centifolia rose, pink color, blackthorn, thorn flower, thorn. Shrub 1,5-2 m tall, Rosaceae family. The stems are covered with reddish thorns, the leaves are alternate, pinnate, consisting of several (from 3 to 7) leaflets, ovate-lanceolate in shape, town-serrate, shiny above, pubescent below, up to 4 cm long, corymbose or corymbose-paniculate inflorescence, consisting of 7-13 large terry with pleasant smell of rose flowers. Blossoms in July, fruits are rarely formed. Life expectancy with good care is 25-30 years. The damask rose is considered a hybrid species and is not found in the wild. Range and habitats. Since ancient times, it has been grown in the countries of the Middle East. It is currently cultivated in many regions of the world, especially widely in Bulgaria. Chemical composition. Rose petals contain 0,02-0,04% rose essential oil, which includes geraniol, citronellol (2,6%), nerol (up to 10%), phenylethyl alcohol CwSoO (about 2%), as well as eugenol, citral , cinnamon and other aldehydes, the carotenoid rubixanthin. The main components of the essential oil from fresh Damascus rose flowers are citronellol, nerol, geraniol, nonadecan and phenylethyl alcohol (30-40% of the total amount of alcohols in the oil); citronellol contains 20-25%. Application in medicine. The Institute of Oil Roses, Essential Oil and Medicinal Crops in Bulgaria has developed the therapeutic drug Rosanol, the active ingredient of which is rose oil, which has antispasmodic, choleretic and bactericidal properties. Rosanol is prescribed for diseases of the liver and biliary tract (cholelithiasis, biliary dyskinesia after removal of the gallbladder), as well as for urolithiasis. The drug is taken orally in gelatin capsules containing 34,4 mg of rose oil, 2-3 capsules 3 times a day for 2-4 weeks. Contraindications to the appointment of rosanol are severe damage to the liver and other parenchymal organs, acute inflammatory processes of the biliary tract. Rosanol is available in gelatin capsules of 34,4 mg of rose oil in a pack of 30 pieces. Store in a dark place.
Other uses. The petals are used to make a fragrant jam. Among the roses grown for the production of rose oil, the Damask rose occupies a leading position. A variety of Damascus rose - Kazanlak rose (Rosa damascena var. trigintipetala) is an object of industrial cultivation as an essential oil culture, rose oil is extracted from its petals in Bulgaria (in the past in Bessarabia, Crimea and the Caucasus), jam, alcoholic tinctures and rose-scented teas, and Turkish delight is flavored with oil. Rose oil is the main or complementary component of many cosmetic products (creams, soaps, eau de toilette) produced in another area of oil rose production, the valley of the city of Karlovo. Dry rose petals are used to make "tea", or as a complementary flavor to tea petals. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
About Shakespeare and much more. Featured article
The great English playwright and poet William Shakespeare described in one of his plays, the drama "Henry VI", an incident that occurred in 1450 in a London garden near flowering rose bushes. In fact, the birthplace of the rose is Turkmenistan. There grows the progenitor of all roses - salorgel. Once in Ancient Greece, this wonderful plant was called "brodon" - "flower". Of course, other flowers grew in Greece, but this one was so good-looking that, according to the Greeks, it did not need any distinctive name - brodon, and nothing more. Centuries passed, the plant spread to different countries, its name gradually changed: "Brodon" - "Rodon" - "Rodzon" - "Rose" - "Rozan" - "Rose" ... And in 1450, as Shakespeare narrates, in a London garden near flowering rose bushes, representatives of two warring noble English families - Lancasters and Yorks - came together, each of which had long laid claim to the throne of England. Word for word, an argument ensued. There could be no talk of any reconciliation. One of the representatives of the Lancaster family exclaimed: "Let the one who is a stranger to cowardice and flattery,
The representative of the Yorks replied: "So, for the sake of clarity and truth of the matter
So did their supporters. The scarlet rose became the emblem of the Lancasters, decorating their coat of arms, and the white rose appeared on the coat of arms of the Yorks. So the rose, which in ancient Rome was called the queen of flowers, a rose that symbolized beauty, love and tenderness; the rose, which in the East was considered drops of the sweat of the prophet Muhammad himself, and in Christian Europe was dedicated to the Mother of God and revered as the personification of heavenly holiness - so the rose in England for three long decades became a sign of bloody discord. Which was predicted in 1450 in a London garden near flowering rose bushes: "I predict: the current strife
This fratricidal dispute even received such a name: the war of the Scarlet and White Roses. At that time Henry VI ruled the country. He sat on the throne for many years, sometimes doing rather strange things. The fact is that the king suffered from dementia due to a hereditary mental illness. Of course, England also suffered from this. Henry VI was from the Lancastrian dynasty. On his coat of arms was a scarlet rose. Taking advantage of the discontent caused by the rule of the Lancasters, the Yorks did everything to increase their influence. Conspiracies, behind-the-scenes games, intrigues were used. As a result, in 1455, five years after the scene at the flowering rose bushes, Duke Richard of York took the high position of Lord Protector - the sovereign ruler of England under the living king. Duke Richard, of course, was from the York dynasty. On his coat of arms was a white rose. The Lancasters were unwilling to accept the loss of power. They armed a huge army and tried by force to remove Richard of York. They did not succeed immediately: first, at the battle of St. Albans, in the south-east of England, in the county of Hertfordshire, the army under the banners with the image of a white rose defeated the army under the banners with a scarlet rose. It would seem that Richard should be a full-fledged king. But this was opposed by another Richard - Richard Neville Warwick, the closest associate of the Duke of York. He did not want the throne to be occupied by a man who could not be invisibly led, so he prevented the duke from seizing the crown. But Richard of York did not accept this situation. He mutinied, and the decisive battle again took place at St. Albans. This time his army was defeated, and he himself died. Of course, Edward of York, the son of the murdered Richard, could not come to terms with this. Looking for strong allies, he, having discarded past grievances, turned to Warwick for help. And he did not refuse to lead the army of the White Rose. Under the command of Warwick in 1461, the Yorkists took London. Mad Henry VI was finally deprived of the throne and imprisoned in the Tower, a terrible prison for political criminals. Duke Edward of York became Edward IV, King of England. On his coat of arms was a white rose. Edward IV ruled for almost nine years. In 1470, part of the former supporters of the York dynasty entered into an alliance with the Lancasters. And again the war for the throne, but now the troops commanded by Warwick carried the banners of the Scarlet Rose above them. Edward IV was defeated. He had to flee to France. The imbecile Henry VI was back on the throne. But Edward again did not reconcile. Having gathered a new army abroad, he landed on the shores of England, inflicted a crushing defeat on Warwick, who was killed; Henry VI imprisoned in the Tower and killed there; the throne again went to Edward IV, and after that to his son, Edward V. A white rose flaunted on his coat of arms. But then events took a completely unexpected turn. The uncle of Edward V, Richard, ordered his supporters to strangle his nephew and sat on the throne under the name of Richard III. However, his reign did not last long. Outraged by the manners and policies of the new king, the Lancastrians and the Yorkers managed to unite. Left without any serious support, in 1485, defending his throne, Richard III died ... So what is the end of the roses? Nothing happened! One of the relatives of the Lancasters, Henry by the name of Tudor, was proclaimed king. This Henry VII married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV of York. Thus, in the reigning Tudor dynasty, the blood of Lancasters and Yorks united. The Tudors chose the image of a red and white rose as their coat of arms. The Wars of the Scarlet and White Roses, which lasted thirty years, devastated the country, claimed the lives of tens of thousands of people and led to the almost complete extermination of the ancient feudal families, ended. After terrible and bloody civil strife, England began to live quite peacefully. The roses were no longer at odds with each other. An example of this is the message of the chronicler, which can be found by carefully reading Mark Twain's story "The Prince and the Pauper". Reading carefully, you will surely find at the end of this wonderful book a description of the celebrations at the coronation of Edward VI, who was Henry VII's grandson: and next to her, in a red rose, sat Henry VII (grandfather), a stem stretching from a white and scarlet rose, reaching the second stage, where Henry VIII (father) emerged from an open scarlet-white rose with the mother of the new king. All the stages were twined with garlands of roses, scarlet and white. The red and white rose in England has since been called the Tudor rose. And English gardeners have bred a special variety of roses, the bushes of which bring both red and white flowers at the same time. This variety was called "Lancaster-York". A worthy symbol of national reconciliation!
Over the long years of their flowering in the gardens of Europe, roses happened to serve as symbols of a variety of families, societies and professions. On coats of arms and seals there were roses of gold, silver, red, white and even blue. They personified the names of both high-ranking persons and ordinary nobles. The members of secret societies - Freemasons and Rosicrucians - chose the rose as their sign. Considered the guardian and witness of secrets, the rose was once the emblem of diplomats. Among the exhibits of the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin, you can see ancient silver goblets given to the Russian tsars by German ambassadors in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. On the cups is inscribed: "Whatever is said here, let it remain under the rose." These inscriptions, of course, do not need to be understood directly and, having said something, immediately look for a suitable rose bush. The German expression unter der Rosen, literally meaning "under the rose", once had a figurative meaning: "keep secret". The words carved on the cups were a kind of oath of diplomats to keep the content of conversations with foreign rulers in deep secrecy. And, of course, the rose has always and everywhere been valued and cherished for its beauty. How did you take care of it! Once in Russia in the middle of the 500th century, during the reign of Nicholas I, a certain general named Klingen was walking through the Tsarskoye Selo park. What was his astonishment when, at the intersection of two paths, in an unremarkable place, he saw a sentry standing motionless with a loaded gun. He could not explain what or whom he was ordered to guard. Ordered - and that's it. Klingen became interested, began to rummage through the palace documents. At first, they managed to find only a little explaining written instruction given fifty years before Klingen's walk: "To guard the post, located XNUMX paces from the eastern pavilion." Further searches and inquiries helped to find out the following. Once, Empress Catherine II, the grandmother of Nicholas I, saw a magnificent rose that had just blossomed in the park. So that no one accidentally or deliberately plucked or trampled it, the queen ordered to put a sentry near the flower. Days passed. The rose has blossomed. Years passed. Catherine II was replaced on the throne by Emperor Paul. Paul - Alexander I. Alexander - Nicholas. And sentries succeeded each other at the post - day after day, decade after decade. Now they guarded not the rose, but only the memory of it. Ridiculous, of course, but touching. Completing the collection of our herbarium on emblems, let's try to list at least some of the states, cities and organizations that have included images of roses in their emblems. Canada, Finland (as many as nine white!), Rhodes, Beijing (yellow), Bulgaria (bright crimson), the Social Democratic Party of Sweden ... And in 1986, the US Congress ruled that the rose should be considered the emblem of this country, although the rose it has no historical or even botanical relation to America. It was introduced to the continent less than 200 years ago. But what about without a rose! But one more coat of arms was added to our herbarium. And although this is not a complete list, we can safely say that in terms of the frequency of the image on the emblems, the rose is a champion, a real curiosity. Author: Gol N.
Rose, Rosa. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Rose, Rosa. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Roses are beautiful flowers that people grow not only to decorate gardens and parks, but also for culinary and medicinal uses. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing roses: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
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