Concept Safety of industrial activity. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Concept Safety of industrial activity. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

The question of which state is considered safe, i.e. without dangers, in the real world, where certain dangers always exist, has long occupied and continues to occupy the minds of mankind. There is no and will not be a simple unambiguous answer, because ensuring safety (including labor safety) is a complex scientific, technical and organizational problem.

Centuries of experience have proven that absolute security, i.e. a state in which all dangers are excluded simply does not exist. This means that almost all object states are only relatively safe from dangers, and talk about safety/danger without quantitative measure are incorrect and unconstructive.

Such a measure is risk - relatively new for our country, but widely used abroad, the concept,which allows you to quantify the measure of danger (and, accordingly, the measure of safety) in each specific case. According to GOST R 51897-2002 "Risk management. Terms and definitions" the term "risk" denotes a combination of the probability of an event and its consequences

Considering the results of the impact of a particular hazard on a particular object, it is easy to single out two main quantitative characteristics of this impact. The first is the likelihood of the impact itself.

The second characteristic is the scale of the harm (damage) caused to the state of the affected object. This characteristic is the second, because it always exists together with the first (in hazard assessment).

So the risk is calculated. It is intuitively clear that if the risk is small, then you can consider yourself safe, if it is large, then this is a direct danger! But what is "small", "great"?

Studies have shown that a person perceives a situation where in one case in a million dangerous situations he can die as absolutely unbelievable, as unrealistic, as SAFE! Such, for example, is the probability of dying within a year from lightning! Thunderstorms often come in the summer, but everyone is afraid of thunder, not lightning.

It is this probability that flight organizers all over the world are striving for - that no more than one flight in a million crashes! It is this probability that firefighters around the world strive for, so that no more than one object out of a million of them catches fire per year!

As for the big risk, a person knows well what inevitably leads to misfortune, and avoids it in every possible way. No one will put their hand into boiling water, because you will definitely be scalded, no one will poke yourself in the eye with a sharp stick - you knock it out, no one will go out (voluntarily) naked into the cold - you will freeze ...

All other situations require (however strange) our decision - will we do something, knowing that it is not safe, or not. Everyone knows that riding a motorcycle at high speeds is very dangerous (about 1 case per 100 ends in a sad outcome), but they ride ... So, motorcyclists, going on a trip, consider such a risk acceptable, acceptable for themselves! But, having found out that heads beat more often than other parts of the body, and with very serious consequences, they began to put protective helmets on these heads!

Therefore, what matters is not so much whether the risk is great or small, but whether it is acceptable - acceptable or unacceptable - unacceptable risk! At the same time, when assessing a hazard, we always take into account not only the probability of an adverse event, but also the severity of the consequences of the hazard. Now it is easy to define the concept safety, which is understood no unacceptable risk.

It is this approach and this definition that dominates all Russian security-related standards.

Note that the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" gives the following definition: "SECURITY products, production processes, operation, storage, transportation, sale and disposal (hereinafter - security) - CONDITIONat which NO UNACCEPTABLE RISKassociated with causing harm to the life or health of citizens, property of individuals or legal entities, state or municipal property, the environment, life or health of animals and plants.

Now we can define the two concepts we need about security as a state of security - the safety of production activities and the safety of labor.

Safety of production activities - this is a state of production processes in which there is no unacceptable risk associated with the possibility of damage to the technological process, property, health of workers and third parties, the environment.

Ensuring labor safety as part of the safety of production activities is the most important component of labor protection.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

We recommend interesting articles Section Occupational Safety and Health:

▪ The procedure for the development and approval of subordinate regulatory legal acts on labor protection

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Organic lasers for color displays and projectors 29.05.2017

Scientists from the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Japan, have developed a new type of optically pumped thin-film organic laser. And this laser, thanks to a number of innovative solutions, is able to emit light continuously for 30 milliseconds, which is 100 times longer than similar devices of the previous generation could do.

Unlike solid-state lasers based on inorganic materials, commonly used in laser optical drives and laser pointers, organic lasers use a thin layer of organic molecules of a strictly defined type of substance to amplify light. One of the main advantages of organic lasers is that with their help it is enough to get light of any color and shade, for this it is enough just to use molecules of a certain substance with suitable optical properties.

Specialists have been working on the creation of organic lasers for quite a long time. But their efforts have not yet brought significant results due to the fact that organic substances degrade rather quickly, being in an environment through which significant energy flows pass. The degradation of molecules leads to a sharp increase in energy losses and makes further operation of the organic laser practically impossible.

Japanese scientists managed to find a solution to the problem and increase the time of continuous emission of coherent light by a laser using three different methods. The first part of the solution was the material from which the body of the organic laser was made, which effectively absorbs light with any wavelength different from the wavelength of the emitted light. This effect gives the laser high efficiency due to the formation of triplets of exions, quasiparticles, consisting of an electron and an electron hole bound to each other.

Thermal degradation of organic material was reduced by building the entire device on a transparent silicon substrate, and the upper part of the laser structure was glued with a special polymer to a sapphire glass base. Silicon and sapphire are fairly good heat conductors, which provide very good heat dissipation and effective cooling of the laser during operation.

And the third part of the solution was a layer of material placed under the layer of the organic body of the laser, which provided optical feedback that regulates the ratio of the amount of ultraviolet light absorbed to the amount of light emitted. Such feedback makes it possible to reduce the amount of pump energy absorbed by the laser, which reduces the number of losses and eliminates the possibility of overheating, leading to degradation of the organic material.

Using organic lasers in conjunction with lasers based on inorganic materials, it will be possible to easily obtain colors and shades of light that are impossible or very difficult to obtain using conventional lasers. And such hybrid laser devices can be widely used in sensors of various types, in spectroscopy, in optical communications and in information display technologies.

In their future work, Japanese scientists will look for additional methods and solutions that will allow them to increase the continuous operation time of their organic thin-film lasers. In addition, work will be carried out aimed at the direct use of electric current as the main energy source for pumping an organic laser.

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