Prevention of dependence on psychoactive substances. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Prevention of dependence on psychoactive substances. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Distinguish nPrimary, secondary and tertiary prevention of drug addiction. These preventive blocks have their own characteristics.

Primary prevention drug addiction is based on a long-term national policy aimed at creating an irreconcilable attitude towards drug use in society. It is necessary that the fight against drug addiction becomes a truly national cause and unites efforts both at the government level and through non-governmental structures and movements.

Objectives Primary preventive activities at this stage of the formation of the Russian state system for the prevention of substance abuse and drug addiction in the educational environment are:

changing the value attitude of children and youth to drugs, developing personal responsibility for their behavior in them, which leads to a decrease in the demand for psychoactive substances among children and youth;
preventing the emergence of cravings for taking drugs in adolescents and young people by promoting a healthy lifestyle, developing anti-drug attitudes and preventive work in educational institutions. The modern concept of primary, early prevention of drug use and the growth of drug addiction among children and adolescents is based on the fact that the focus should be on the personality of the minor and the three main areas in which his life activities are realized: family, educational institution and leisure, including associated microsocial environment.

Strategy Primary prevention involves the activity of preventive measures aimed at:

on the formation of personal resources that ensure the development in children and youth of a socially normative life style with the dominance of healthy lifestyle values, an effective attitude towards refusing to take psychoactive substances;
on the formation of family resources that contribute to the development of law-abiding, successful and responsible behavior in children and adolescents, as well as providing support to a child who has already started using drugs, restraining his breakup with loved ones and helping him at the stage of social and medical rehabilitation when stopping drug use;
on the introduction in the educational environment of innovative pedagogical and psychological technologies that ensure the development of healthy lifestyle values and motives for refusing to “try” and take drugs, as well as technologies for early detection of cases of drug use by students;
for the development of a social support infrastructure that includes the family in the microsocial environment of a child “at risk of drug addiction” and a child with drug addiction.

The most appropriate is containment strategy. Raising the question today of completely preventing drug use and getting rid of drug addiction is absolutely unrealistic.

It should be clarified that negatively oriented prevention of substance abuse, i.e. the traditional problem-oriented approach, focusing on the negative consequences of their use, does not achieve the set goals. Specific problem-oriented influences are certainly necessary, but not sufficient. The problem of preventing the abuse of psychoactive substances solely on their basis cannot be solved in principle, since the causes that give rise to mental and personal maladjustment and encourage children and youth to turn to psychoactive substances again and again are not eliminated.

That is why the strategic priority of primary prevention should be considered the creation of a system of positive prevention, which is focused not on pathology, not on the problem and its consequences, but on the health potential that protects from the occurrence of problems - the development and disclosure of mental and personality resources, support for the young person and assistance to him in realizing his life's purpose. Goal Positively directed primary prevention consists of raising a mentally healthy, personally developed person who is able to independently cope with his own psychological difficulties and life problems, and who does not need to take psychoactive substances.

Secondary prevention Substance addiction refers to individuals who are already experiencing the effects of a drug use problem but do not show signs of the disease. Her goal -minimize the duration of exposure to surfactants on a person, limit the degree of harm caused by their abuse to both the consumer and the microenvironment around him - students of an educational institution and family, and prevent the formation of a chronic disease. A set of secondary prevention measures is aimed at completely stopping further drug addiction and restoring the student’s personal and social status.

The most important components of secondary prevention are:

creation of a system for early identification of users of surfactants;
ensuring the availability of a comprehensive survey;
provision of qualified psychological, medical, pedagogical and social assistance.

In this regard, it is necessary to resolve the issue of the legitimacy of the use of diagnostic tests to determine surfactants in the biological environments of students’ bodies, and also to provide for mandatory testing for HIV infection, hepatitis B, C, and sexually transmitted diseases, which, as a rule, accompany the use of surfactants.

Teachers, school psychologists, social workers, together with the parents of such students, should strive to create a psychotherapeutic atmosphere that prevents repeated use of substances and promotes the formation of healthy personal and social aspirations. It is very important to ensure long-term stay of students in normative microenvironments (classroom in a secondary school, institutions of additional education, family, etc.), in which, as a rule, the likelihood of drug distribution is minimized. In cases where a diagnosis of drug addiction is made, the student needs a special comprehensive examination, treatment and rehabilitation. First of all, it is necessary to find out what biological, psychological, characterological and microenvironmental features contributed to drug addiction, whether there is a somatic pathology, what is the degree of damage to the individual and what is the expected rehabilitation potential.

Prevention, treatment and rehabilitation are interconnected processes. Rehabilitation begins with the patient’s first contact with medical services and continues until his personal, professional and social status is restored. If we take into account that taking “hard” drugs such as heroin can turn an “experimenter” into a drug addict in the shortest possible time, then the treatment and rehabilitation program should begin as early as possible, be intensive and comprehensive. At the same time, without including the patient in a conscious educational and labor process, it is impossible to solve the problems of tertiary prevention, i.e., rehabilitation.

Tertiary prevention includes activities aimed at preventing relapses and relapses of drug addiction. Actually, this is what it is rehabilitation, which, according to experts from the World Health Organization, is a comprehensive, targeted use of medical, psychological, social, educational and labor measures in order to adapt the patient to activities at the highest possible level for him.

Despite the significant role of psychiatrists-narcologists in the implementation of secondary and especially tertiary prevention, the active participation in this process of educators, teachers, school psychologists, and social educators not only cannot be excluded, but should be considered as one of the main factors in solving rehabilitation problems. They provide general education and vocational training, lead technical and other clubs, sports clubs, provide socio-psychological and pedagogical assistance, and form law-abiding behavior, without which readaptation and resocialization are simply impossible. The tasks of secondary and tertiary prevention can be solved in specialized state rehabilitation centers for children and youth in the system of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. In addition to specialized centers, in order to prevent substance abuse, the already existing network of educational institutions for children in need of psychological, pedagogical and medical and social assistance - PPMS centers - can and should be actively used.

The range of activities of such centers should be multifaceted and multidisciplinary:

provision of advisory, diagnostic, medical, social and legal assistance to children and youth who use psychoactive substances and are addicted;
providing advisory assistance and legal support to parents on issues of drug addiction in children and youth;
organization of general educational and vocational training and the creation for this purpose of classrooms, studios, sports sections, labor workshops and other special structures to ensure the spiritual and creative growth of those being rehabilitated;
providing organizational, methodological and advisory assistance to specialists of educational institutions on the prevention of drug addiction and addiction to psychoactive substances;
interaction with interested departments and organizations on the issues of readaptation and rehabilitation of children and youth involved in the use of psychoactive substances;
development and testing of rehabilitation programs for children and youth addicted to psychoactive substances;
development of programs for the prevention of relapses and relapses of drug addiction in children and youth who have undergone treatment and rehabilitation, and integrated into an educational institution.

Children and adolescents who have successfully completed rehabilitation (tertiary prevention) should return to educational institutions on a general basis.

Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of drug addiction are components of a single system. The preventive measures used within their framework complement each other. Only with this approach can effective drug addiction prevention programs be created.

Conclusions

The growth of drug addiction is causing concern to the entire world community. The particular severity of this problem lies in the fact that the craving for drug use is largely due to a person’s innate need to change his mental state.

There are two types of drug addiction: physical and mental. The basis of physical dependence is the body’s ability to “tune in” to taking drugs, to include them in internal biochemical processes. Mental dependence manifests itself in the inability of a drug addict to cope with his own emotions and overcome even minor crisis situations.

Drug addiction is not a personal matter. As a result of drug addiction, a person develops serious health problems, he easily becomes ill with severe infectious diseases, including hepatitis, HIV infection and AIDS, sexually transmitted diseases, and just as easily spreads them. Drug users or drug addicts become involved in criminal activities. While under the influence of drugs, especially if they drive a vehicle or have access to weapons, these people pose a serious danger to the health and lives of others.

It is almost impossible to combine study or work with drug use. In addition, drug addicts destroy and destructure families, they cannot fulfill their duty to society and protect the interests of the state, and thus become a burden for the family and society. A drug addict is always potentially dangerous. Drug abusers should be aware that they are losing their right to personal integrity to a certain extent, because ultimately the law, morality, and human values take precedence and must prevail in a democratic society.

In order to ensure active preventive work, stop the epidemic of drug addiction, provide treatment and rehabilitation assistance to drug users and drug addicts, it is necessary to improve legislation and ensure the possibility of intervention at all levels of the so-called drug pyramid. First of all, administrative responsibility for drug use should be introduced, the possibility of prompt examination of persons suspected of using drugs should be ensured, and the legal framework for preventive work and rehabilitation of minors who abuse psychoactive substances should be expanded.

Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.

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