Human health and society. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Human health and society. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

General concept of health

"Generally ⁹/₁₀ our happiness is based on health. With it, everything becomes a source of pleasure, while without it absolutely no external benefits can give pleasure, even subjective benefits: the qualities of the mind, soul, temperament weaken and die in a diseased state. It is by no means without reason that we first of all ask each other about health and wish it to each other: it is truly the main condition for human happiness," said the famous German philosopher of the XNUMXth century Arthur Schopenhauer. Indeed, health occupies the most important place among human life values. .

There is a range definitions of health, but all of them usually contain five of the following criteria:

absence of diseases;
normal functioning of the organism in the system "man - environment";
complete physical, spiritual, mental and social well-being;
the ability to adapt to constantly changing conditions of existence in the environment;
ability to fully perform basic social functions.
There is a concept of individual and public health.

individual health is the health of the individual. Today, this concept has a rather broad meaning, it implies not only the absence of diseases, but also such forms of human behavior that allow him to improve his life, make it more prosperous, and achieve a high degree of self-realization. For example, the constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) states that health is "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity".

It is possible to achieve well-being only through work aimed at expanding and realizing one's spiritual, physical qualities and social capabilities.

Well-being concerns all aspects of a person's life, and not just his physical condition. Spiritual well-being is associated with the mind, intellect, emotions. Social well-being reflects social ties, financial situation, interpersonal contacts. Physical well-being reflects the biological capabilities of a person, the state of his body. Human well-being includes two components: spiritual and physical.

At the same time, its spiritual component is of great importance. The ancient Roman orator Mark Tullius Cicero said about this about 2 thousand years ago in his treatise "On Duties": what seems harmful and to get everything necessary for life: food, shelter, etc. The desire common to all living beings to unite in order to produce offspring, and care for this offspring.But the greatest difference between man and beast is that that the beast moves as far as his senses move him, and adapts himself only to the conditions around him, thinking little of the past and the future.On the contrary, a man endowed with reason, thanks to which he sees the sequence between events, sees their causes, and the previous events and no matter how the forerunners escape him, he compares similar phenomena and closely connects the future with the present, easily sees the entire course of his life and prepares everything necessary for himself to live. Human nature is, first of all, a tendency to study and investigate the truth.

Spiritual and physical health - two integral parts of human health, which must constantly be in harmonious unity, ensuring a high level of health.

Spiritual health reflects the health of our mind, while physical health reflects the health of the body.

Spiritual health is the ability to know the world around and oneself, analyze ongoing events and phenomena, predict the development of situations that affect life, form a model (program) of behavior aimed at solving emerging problems, protecting one’s interests, life and health in a real environment . The higher the intellect, the more reliable the forecast of events, the more accurate the model of behavior, the more stable the psyche, the higher the level of spiritual health.

Physical health is the ability of the body to implement the developed program of actions and reserves in case of unforeseen extreme and emergency situations.

Here is how the unity of spiritual and physical health is said in the book of the American nutritionist Paul Bragg "Building a Powerful Nerve Force": "The story tells of two knights who killed each other because of the color of the royal shield, which was hung in the center of the huge hall of the castle. One the knight said the shield was red, the other green. After the tragic battle, someone looked at both sides of the shield: one side was red, the other green. There are also two sides of the health shield - physical and spiritual - and both are important. Both of these the physical and spiritual sides are so closely intertwined that it is impossible to separate them. Physical health affects the spiritual life, and spiritual control provides the necessary discipline to maintain physical health. "

Spiritual health is determined by the system of thinking, knowledge of the surrounding world and orientation in it; how we relate to the environment or to any particular person, thing, field of knowledge, principle. This health is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with oneself, with relatives, friends and society, to predict and model events, to draw up a program of one's actions on this basis.

Physical health is ensured by high physical activity, rational nutrition, hardening and cleansing of the body, the optimal combination of mental and physical labor, the ability to relax, and the exclusion from the use of alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Here is how A. Schopenhauer said about it: “Consequently, first of all, we should try to maintain good health. The means for this are simple: to avoid all excesses, excessive violent and unpleasant unrest, as well as too intense and prolonged mental labor, then - increased movement on fresh air for at least two hours, frequent bathing in cold water, and similar hygiene measures."

public health - these are social, socio-political and economic categories that characterize the viability of the whole society. This health is made up of the health of individual members of society. Public health and individual health of each person are inextricably linked and depend on each other.

Reproductive health is an important part of human and social health

The existence of any kind of living organisms is impossible without the reproduction of their own kind. Man is no exception in this respect. The history of mankind is a continuous change of generations. However, unlike other living beings, a person endowed with reason can manage the reproduction system, ensuring not only the birth, but also the necessary upbringing of offspring, taking into account the social needs of society. Its reproductive function involves not only the birth of a child, but also its upbringing and preparation for the performance of certain duties that ensure the social development of society. This system of population reproduction, which ensures the birth of healthy children, the upbringing and training of a new generation, is the main content of reproductive health.

The state of reproductive health of a person and society is determined by the following criteria:

sustainable motivation of people to create a prosperous family and the attractiveness for them of the personal model of an exemplary family man;
the responsibility of parents and the state for the state of health; physical, mental, spiritual and moral development of children; for children to receive the necessary education;
ensuring the reproduction of the population within the limits that guarantee the demographic security of the state.
These criteria quite fully characterize the ability of society and the state to create and implement the necessary conditions for the birth of healthy children and the preparation of a new generation capable of ensuring social security and the development of civilization.
Historical experience shows that the best social structure that most fully meets the interests of the individual and society and ensures the continuous change of generations is the family.

Under family is understood as a small social group based on marriage or consanguinity, whose members are connected by common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.

In modern society, the family is a moral and legal union of a man and a woman and consists of spouses and children. The forms of formation of married couples and the nature of the relationship of spouses are subject to certain social and cultural norms that are developed by society in the course of historical development. Norms are largely influenced by the social structure and the characteristics of a particular historical stage in the development of society.

In the Russian Federation, on March 1, 1996, the Family Code of the Russian Federation was enacted. Its content is based on the principles of strengthening the family, building family relations on mutual love and respect, on the responsibility to the family of all its members, on the inadmissibility of arbitrary interference by anyone in family affairs, on the unhindered exercise by family members of their rights.

The family performs functions that largely determine the preservation and strengthening of the health of both the individual and the whole society. Only in the family does a person receive sustainable opportunities to meet everyday needs and develop his personality. The family most successfully performs the reproductive function: the birth and upbringing of children. It is in it that parents introduce their children to moral values and norms of behavior in the world around them, in society, interaction with other people, here they pass on work skills to them. In the family, the leisure function is solved, which ensures the harmonious development of a person, and the sexual function, which ensures the satisfaction of the sexual needs of the spouses.

A high level of reproductive health implies that a person has a stable motivation to create a prosperous family and the attractiveness of the personal model of a good family man, as well as the ability to choose a worthy life partner with whom he can create a happy family.

Unfortunately, the analysis of statistical data and the results of surveys of young people in Russia indicates that in recent years the family and family relations have been drastically losing their attractiveness. In our country, there is a growing number of children who live and are brought up in single-parent families or were born to women who are not in a registered marriage. The importance and value of a happy family life is decreasing. Among young people, the proportion of those who do not consider it necessary for themselves to legally formalize their marriage relations when creating a future family is noticeably increasing. From this we can conclude that the level of an important component of human health and society - reproductive health has recently decreased significantly, and this process continues.

The family, as the most important social cell of society and the state, performing a reproductive function, must ensure the upbringing and development of the child's physical, spiritual and moral qualities of a person and citizen, integrated into the society of his day and aimed at improving this society. The quality of the performance of this function can be assessed with a certain degree of reliability using statistical data.

According to the Ministry of Health of Russia and the State Committee for Epidemiological Supervision of Russia, only 14% of school-age children are practically healthy, 50% have functional abnormalities, and 35-40% are chronically ill. Among schoolchildren, during the period of study, the number of children and adolescents with visual impairments increases 5 times, 3 times - with diseases of the digestive system and urogenital tract, 5 times - with impaired posture, 4 times - with neuropsychiatric disorders. Many students have disharmonious physical development (lack of body weight, decrease in muscle strength, lung capacity, etc.), which creates problems with the overall performance of the younger generation. On the other hand, according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, juvenile delinquency is growing rapidly. In general, among all identified persons who have committed crimes, the proportion of adolescents aged 14-17 is 11,8%. Statistical materials also testify to the rapid growth of alcoholism and substance abuse among adolescents.

Many states consider the demographic potential as the main guarantee of survival in the face of global and regional rivalry and the struggle for existence. The best minds of Russia also linked the future with the growth of its population. So D. I. Mendeleev, based on the demographic indicators of the beginning of the 2000th century, determined the probable population of Russia in 594,3 at 1917 million people. However, the revolution of 1941, the Great Patriotic War of 1945-XNUMX, the collapse of the USSR and some other processes made significant adjustments to this forecast.

As of 2001, the population of Russia amounted to 144,8 million people and continues to decline. The main reason for this is the natural decline in the population, which consists in the excess of the number of dead and dead people over the number of births. The main factor determining this process is the low life expectancy of the Russian population. It is 59,8 years for men and 72,2 years for women and, according to long-term forecasts, it will remain close to this level for quite a long time.

Factors affecting health and well-being

Among the factors affecting human health, the leading place is occupied by physical, spiritual and social.

Of physical factors the most important are heredity and the state of the environment. Studies show a significant influence of heredity on almost all aspects of our physical and mental health (the degree of their influence on health can be up to 20%). The state of the environment has a direct impact on health. Even the healthiest living habits cannot fully compensate for exposure to polluted air or water. The degree of influence of the environment on human health can also be up to 20%. Polluted air can contain harmful substances that enter the human body through the respiratory system. Poor quality water may contain pathogenic microorganisms and toxic compounds that, when entering the gastrointestinal tract, cause various diseases and poisoning.

In addition, under the influence of a polluted environment, gene changes (mutations) can occur in living organisms. Changing genes under the influence of the environment - mutagenesis constantly occurs in every organism, but in conditions of increasing environmental pollution, it goes out of control of natural mechanisms. Substances and factors that cause changes in genes are called mutagens. Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation, various natural and artificial chemical compounds have a mutagenic effect. When entering the human body, mutagens can cause the development of malignant tumors, the appearance of deformities, etc. All mutagens are usually divided into chemical, physical, and radiation. Once in the body, the mutagen is affected by many substances: food components, hormones, metabolic products, enzymes. Some of them enhance its effect, while others reduce and even stop.

Recently, substances have been actively studied (antimutagens), that can stop the harmful effects of mutagens. Some of them make mutagens inactive, others change the effect of mutagens so that they become harmless, and others strengthen the mutagen countermeasure system. The most active antimutagens are vitamins: retinol (vitamin A), tocopherol (vitamin E), ascorbic acid (vitamin C).

Vitamin A is found in animal products (butter, egg yolk, liver). Vitamin A is not found in plant foods. However, many of them (carrots, spinach, lettuce, parsley, apricot, etc.) contain carotene, which is a provitamin A. In the body, carotene turns into vitamin A, ensures normal growth, the formation of visual pigments that regulate the dark adaptation of the eye, normalizes metabolic processes in skin, liver tissues, eyes.

Vitamin E is found in the green parts of plants, especially young cereal sprouts. Vegetable oils are rich in this vitamin: sunflower, cottonseed, corn, peanut, soybean. Vitamin E plays the role of a biological antioxidant, it prevents the development of the processes of formation of free radicals toxic to the body and normalizes the metabolism in muscle tissue.

There is a lot of vitamin C in plant products: rose hips, cabbage, lemons, oranges, black currants, other fruits and berries. Vitamin C is involved in redox processes, blood clotting, carbohydrate metabolism and tissue regeneration.

A healthy lifestyle, rational nutrition, complex consumption of foods containing vitamins A, E and C reduce the impact of mutagens on the body and, therefore, help maintain health in a polluted environment. Vitamins are absorbed most fully if they are consumed in combination. It must be borne in mind that artificially created preparations are not always better than natural multivitamin sets contained in products. The most available plant products containing vitamins A, E and C are presented in Table 8.

Table 8. Some Foods Containing Vitamins A, E, and C

Human health and society

Spiritual Factors are also an important component of health and well-being. These include the ability to perform good deeds, self-improvement, mercy and selfless help. This requires a certain willpower from a person. Leading a healthy lifestyle is a difficult task. Knowing what a healthy lifestyle is is one thing, but actually practicing it is quite another. The choice in favor of a healthy lifestyle requires a high level of consciousness and culture from a person, but the importance of spiritual factors is very high, the degree of their influence on health is about 50%.

In a certain way, people's health is affected and social factors.The level of well-being and health in this case can be high only when a person has the opportunity for self-realization, when he is guaranteed good living conditions, affordable education and quality medical care.

Each person is responsible for their own health and well-being, and this implies a certain attitude and behavior. The well-known scientist N. M. Amosov spoke about this well in his book “Reflections on Health”: “It is not nature, not society, but only the person himself who is to blame for most diseases. Most often he gets sick from laziness and greed, but sometimes from unreason "To be healthy, one needs one's own efforts, constant and significant. Nothing can replace them. A person is so perfect that one can restore health from almost any point in his decline. Only the necessary efforts increase with old age and the deepening of diseases."

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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