Fire safety at home. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Fire safety at home. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrical safety, fire safety

Fire safety electrical installations is associated with the use of combustible insulating materials - rubber, plastics, varnishes, etc. The causes of their ignition can be electric sparks, arcs, short circuits and overloading of wires, malfunctions of instruments and apparatus, machines and mechanisms with electric drive.

The most fire hazardous type of electrical installation - wiring, in which overloads and short circuits most often occur. In addition, some types of insulation of wires and cables are capable of igniting from extraneous sources.

Overload arises due to the connection to the wiring of current collectors, the total rated current of which exceeds the allowable for a given section of the conductor.

During overloads, fires are also associated with an increased voltage drop in the contacts. The greater the voltage drop in the contacts, the greater their heating and the likelihood of ignition of the wires connected to the contacts.

Short circuits can occur with mechanical damage to the wires and due to careless installation. If there are loose contacts in the wiring, places with melted or charred insulation, then when the conductors of the wire or cable are closed and rough protection ("bugs") at the short circuit point, a significant increase in temperature and ignition of the insulation occurs.

Often, improper use of various clamp designs in electrical wiring leads to poor and unreliable contacts, and as a result, to a fire.

Contact clamps wall switches and sockets, cartridges, fuses, etc. are designed for connecting copper and aluminum wires, terminal clamps of portable current collectors - only copper wires.

To prevent the occurrence of a fire, it is forbidden to install electric heaters (irons, fireplaces, electric stoves, etc.) close to combustible materials, cover them with clothes, dry combustible objects on them, etc. It is necessary to constantly monitor the wear of conductive cores and insulation of connecting cords heating appliances.

The same applies to operation of lamps. If the bulb of an incandescent lamp is covered with dust, then its surface temperature can reach 250-300 °C. If such a bulb comes into contact with cloth, paper, wood, etc., strong heating is possible in the contact zone, which can lead to charring of combustible materials, and then to ignition.

During the operation of the luminaires, loosening of contacts and the resulting sparks and local heating are possible. In some cases, short circuits occur at the input points.

RџSЂRё putting out a fire in a house with wiring, electrical appliances, machines and mechanisms with an electric drive, you first need to de-energize everything.

It is forbidden to extinguish a fire with a foam fire extinguisher and water in the presence of voltage in the network, since these agents, firstly, have increased electrical conductivity and, secondly, contribute to the development of a fire. Extinguish the fire with a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher or sand.

Author: Bannikov E.A.

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