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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
The essence and nature of the manifestation of riots. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Mass riots as a social phenomenon pose a serious danger to society. They can be caused by various reasons: socio-economic (lack of food, catastrophic inflation, general unemployment, etc.), political (arbitrariness of the authorities, violation of democratic freedoms, dissatisfaction with government policies, etc.), ethnic (violation of the rights of national minorities or on the contrary, the dominance in socially significant spheres of public life of representatives of non-indigenous nationalities, etc.), religious (disagreements between representatives of different faiths), criminal (the struggle for the redistribution of spheres of influence between criminal groups) and others. So, for example, attacks by extremist groups, actions of anti-globalists and clashes between football "fans" have recently begun to take on a fairly wide scope. But whatever the causes of the riots, they are based on unresolved contradictions, which have grown into a direct confrontation, a conflict. According to the nature of their occurrence, they can be deliberate, i.e.e. caused by the actions of certain social forces, or unintentional, arising spontaneously under the influence of some objective factors. In terms of the scale of action, riots are most often local и local character, as they usually occur in an urban area or a small town. If the riots go beyond the local scale, they already take on the character of regional conflicts with all the ensuing consequences that were mentioned earlier. The roots of this social phenomenon are to be found in mass sentiment, reigning in society. They are characterized by a general mental state, covering large masses of people, a homogeneous subjective signal reaction, special experiences of comfort or discomfort. In an integrated form, such sentiments reflect three main points. First, the degree of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the general socio-political conditions of life. Secondly, a subjective assessment of the possibility of realizing the socio-political claims of people under given conditions. Thirdly, the desire to change conditions for the sake of realizing claims. Mass moods as special psychological states are transitional from direct emotions to more or less conscious actions. They are mediated by the conditions of socio-political life, its norms and foundations, and at the same time are not reducible to "public mood", since they include not only social normative (actually "public" in the usual sense), but also other components that arise in real life. The nature of mass sentiment determined by the fact that they become noticeable in the presence of two factors:
Reactions in the form of experiences can take on various forms - from hatred to delight. Special forms can also arise - "passive moods" such as indifference and apathy, when people do not believe in the possibility of overcoming the gap between claims and the possibilities of achieving them, i.e., a kind of paralysis of claims and aspirations, devoid of support in reality. People lose faith in themselves, motivation and ability to take action. On the whole, mass moods are the result of a subjective assessment of socio-political reality, as if passed through the prism of the interests, needs, claims and expectations of large masses of people. It should be noted that mass moods spread rapidly and are extremely contagious. In addition, direct control over them by consciousness is difficult. They easily and quickly unite those who are in similar conditions of life, forming a sense of community "we", as a rule, directed against some "they", on which the social and political situation that does not suit people depends. The origins of the formation of mass consciousness lie in the interaction of two factors. First, the objective, objective factor - reality. Secondly, subjective - people's different ideas about reality, its various assessments in the light of their own interests and needs. The severity of mass sentiments in a society depends, first of all, on the degree of homogeneity of its socio-political structure. The more differentiated and pluralistic this structure is, the more different groups appear with their own needs and interests, and each of them can have their own moods. The "compressed" socio-political structure of society gives rise to a homogeneous normative, "social" component of mass consciousness. Various mass interests, originating in specific social strata, spread extremely quickly to almost the entire society, especially during political crises, in the course of radical changes in the socio-political system. A good example of this is Russia in the events of 1917 and 1991, when the prevailing mass moods in society ultimately led to radical changes in its socio-political development. In calmer situations, if diverse, not too pronounced and therefore imperceptible moods function within the system, their carriers are mass socio-political movements or the so-called middle strata with their typical fuzziness of the traditional "social class consciousness" and great susceptibility to mass moods. . The main function of mass sentiment - socio-psychological - the formation and motivational support of socio-political actions of sufficiently large masses of people. Rallying the masses, they manifest themselves in mass actions and speeches, first initiating and then regulating socio-political behavior, and thereby contribute to the dynamic development of society. Mass moods are distinguished by a certain duality. On the one hand, they are a reflection of the psychology of the masses, a consequence of real life, and on the other hand, they develop according to the laws of mass psychology, influencing reality and changing life. So, for example, ideological concepts are based on them and at the same time they are very malleable to ideological influence. In practice, the most pressing problem impact on public sentiment. For this purpose, both the means of influencing the claims and expectations of the masses, developed over the history of mankind, and the opportunities conditioned by the realities of today are used. The complex socio-political impact on mass moods consists of two components. First - propaganda and ideological influence, which is carried out through the manipulation of claims. Second - socio-political impact (including socio-economic factors), carried out by manipulating differences in living standards. In order to stabilize mass sentiments, it is necessary to balance the claims and the possibilities of achieving them. Otherwise, mass riots arise, during which there is a surge of "negative energy" accumulated as a result of dissatisfaction with some social claims or expectations of large masses of people. They can be spontaneous or targeted and carry a serious danger to public peace and a particular person. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the Federal Law "On Counteracting Extremist Activity" quite clearly states that mass riots, hooligan actions and acts of vandalism are motivated by ideological, political, racial, national or religious hatred or enmity, as well as by motives of hatred or enmity against any social group refers to the concept "extremist activity (extremism)", The Federal Constitutional Law "On the state of emergency" states: "A state of emergency is introduced only in the presence of circumstances that pose a direct threat to the life and security of citizens or the constitutional order of the Russian Federation and the elimination of which is impossible without the use of emergency measures." Such circumstances, along with others, are riots. In this regard, it is very important to know crowd features, since it is she who represents the main danger during mass riots, no matter what they are caused by. Crowd - this is a contact, unorganized community, characterized by a high degree of conformity of its constituent individuals, acting emotionally and relatively unanimously. It exerts strong psychological pressure on individuals. In it, under conditions of anonymity, the individual responsibility of its members is dissolved. Under different conditions, different communities can be formed, characterized as a crowd. These are fans in the stadium, and spectators of show concerts, and people who show curiosity in various circumstances, and commuters who crowd at the station or platform. The same communities are formed from the number of visitors to parks, exhibitions, discos, participants in funeral processions, rallies, demonstrations and riots. The behavior of each of them has its own characteristics. Distinguish the following crowd types: simple, expressive, conventional, active. Simple (occasional) crowd is a collection of people who want to receive information about events or phenomena that they witnessed by chance. Usually it is formed by people who feel the need for thrills and impressions, in other words, who love to stare. Such a crowd can unite from several dozen to several hundred people. The reasons for its accumulation may be some kind of incident (for example, an accident, fire), the behavior of persons that does not comply with generally accepted standards, an unusual phenomenon, etc. Such a crowd does not pose a danger, although it creates interference and inconvenience. At the same time, under certain situations, it can turn into an aggressive, dangerous to others. expressive crowd - this is a group of people who jointly express a feeling of joy, grief, anger, etc. So, fans of rock musicians, pop stars are highly exalted in behavior, often caused by alcohol and drugs. Festive processions, funeral processions also carry, as a rule, an extreme charge, which must be taken into account when organizing and conducting them. Conventional crowd formed, for example, during sports competitions. Fans in the stadium behave in a way that they do not behave in other situations. Their rampage is far from harmless. Fans pose a real threat to public safety, and there are many examples of this. As a rule, in terms of composition, a significant part of the fans are not just football fans, but people who feel sympathy for any of the teams (mainly for local) or antipathy (most often for visitors). acting crowd may be:
In addition, it must be understood that role participation different people in the crowd. Depending on it, the following categories of participants:
Concerning crowd behavior mechanism, then the main role is played here mass communication, actively influencing the mood and activity of its participants. This property is deliberately used by the organizers, instigators and instigators of excesses, who master the technique of psychological influence on the crowd. In emergencies arising through negligence, as well as due to biological factors (epidemics) or natural disasters, mass communication, as a rule, occurs involuntarily, spontaneously. The main means of mental influence on the crowd is the word, and expressive, emotional vocabulary is used - screams (for example, "ours are being beaten"), calls, interjections, etc. mental contagion crowds. In its most general form, it is an unconscious, involuntary exposure of an individual or group to certain mental states, arising in the crowd as a result of the impact of non-speech (facial expressions, gestures) and speech means of communication. Due to the fact that similar mental states (anger, fear, impulse, etc.) and moods occur in most crowd members, they resonate, are amplified by repeated reflection in a chain reaction pattern, accelerate like particles in an accelerator, and tone the group . Clearly, the nature of this kind of mental infection is manifested in the "snowball" effect. The degree of emotional impact of crowd members on each other depends on the situation, their personal or group characteristics. Ultimately, a general mental attitude is created and a determination to act arises. However, the crowd is not always formed by chance, spontaneously. Quite often, the reasons for its occurrence are provoked or deliberately created. Such methods of influence are used as blackmail, threats, rumors, hostage-taking, hunger strike, suicide attempts, blocking public transport, etc. One of the main ways of information-psychological influence of a person or group on other members of the crowd through the transmission of messages of different content is suggestion - conscious, always verbalized activity on the part of the subject of influence. Another way to influence - belief, which, although it performs a similar function, is at the same time different from suggestion. If in the first case we are dealing with a direct verbal impact on a person, devoid of any evidence and logic, then the belief is based on the fact that, with the help of logical justification, to achieve the conscious consent of the person receiving this information to act. Also used is a method such as imitation. It lies in the fact that the behavior of a leader, and sometimes just a decisive person or a mass mental state, is not only accepted, but also reproduced, replicated. When analyzing various ways of informational and psychic influence on the crowd, it should be borne in mind that its participants are influenced not only by the semantic meaning of information messages - the power of noise also plays an important role (it is produced, as a rule, by exclamations in the form of interjections), the frequency of sound vibrations ( they are created by the roar of a large mass of people). In order to gather a crowd, they often resort to various unusual, spectacular, spectacular methods: self-immolation attempts, chaining themselves, a demonstrative hunger strike, seizure of administrative buildings, hostages, the threat of a terrorist act, a "living ring", etc. All this has a very serious effect on the emotional state of people. In order for a mass gathering of people to turn into a dangerous crowd for others and for itself, it is necessary not only internal background, such as, for example, the negative moods of a large mass of people, a common goal, a common leader, etc., but also external initiation or provocation. The latter acts as a kind of detonator, turning a mass of generally peaceful people into an inherently aggressive crowd. Such a detonator can be a panic caused by a natural disaster, a catastrophe, mass discontent brought to hysteria, exaltation caused by a rally situation or the atmosphere of a rock concert, the victory or defeat of a favorite football team, a poorly organized action for the distribution of humanitarian aid, the funeral of victims of any political shares and other most diverse and unexpected reasons. For the crowd, especially the politicized one, the "first stone in the window" or "first blood" is very important. Vivid examples of this are the massacre organized in Moscow by participants in a political confrontation near the television center in Ostankino in the fall of 1993, anti-globalization speeches in Genoa in July 2001, or a hooligan rampage in Moscow after the defeat of Russian football players at the World Cup in the summer of 2002. Such actions can bring the crowd to a fundamentally different level of danger, when collective irresponsibility turns each of its members into a criminal. In fact, the causes of mass riots in themselves are not of particular importance in the context of the problem under consideration, their analysis is the business of law enforcement agencies, historians, political scientists and sociologists. It is important that at some point hundreds and thousands of human individuals lose their self-control and turn into a single "mechanism" or "organism" that lives according to its own laws, where a person is assigned the role of a "cog" or "molecule". The main law of the crowd is the subordination of everyone to everyone. In other words: "He who is not with us is against us." Often, after the end of the riots, those who took part in them are surprised at how it happened that they, in general, peaceful and respectable people, suddenly turned into uncontrollable "robots" or "animals", committed illegal acts, participated in pogroms . The reason lies in the fact that man by nature is a herd animal, this is what helped him survive in the primitive era. These instincts make themselves felt when extreme situations arise. The biological law of herding - the priority of the pack over its constituent individuals - takes precedence over acquired civilized habits. Moreover, those who demonstrate human dignity during riots often become victims of the crowd. Basic Rule of Salvation during mass riots - to preserve individuality, the dignity of the individual, not to succumb to the power of the distraught crowd. Otherwise, a person has little chance of survival, since he completely merges with the crowd and depends on the factors of probability, luck, chance. Socio-psychological features riot-oriented crowd:
The process of development of riots includes three stages. 1. Complication of the situation. This stage precedes mass antisocial behavior. It is characterized by the emergence of social tension, the accumulation of discontent, i.e., negative mass sentiments that act as "combustible" material capable of exacerbating the situation at the slightest pretext. Its occurrence is preceded by such crisis phenomena as a sharp increase in the trend towards differentiation (demarcation) of the population into rich and poor in the underdevelopment of the middle class and the aggravation of contradictions between them; the emergence of disturbing information, rumors, unhealthy opinions and moods, dissatisfaction with the actions of government officials, a decline in living standards due to a decline in production, inflation, rising prices, etc.; weakening the authority of the authorities; consolidation (rallying) of the opposition and the emergence of a leader who enjoys authority among the bulk of the population. Dissatisfaction is not always justified. However, if it reaches a critical point and is exacerbated by a sense of injustice, it can cause mass mayhem. 2. The emergence of a pretext for riots and their implementation.At this stage, riots take their immediate start: a formal pretext appears, which is used by their instigators as a detonator. Such an occasion is often an event that can justify the participants in excesses, give their actions a "fair" character and allow large masses of people to be drawn into these events. A distinctive feature of riots is that, once started, they become independent of the causes that gave rise to them and can continue even when they have already been exhausted. During this period, they are characterized by: putting forward demands from a position of strength and at the same time their anonymity; suddenness and inevitability of actions; the emergence of conditions for changing the existing system of relations; creation of obstacles for purposeful actions of power structures; drawing public attention to events; the formation of general and private (auxiliary) goals, the sequence of actions for their implementation (captures, arson, pogroms, murders, etc.); involvement in events of large masses of people through threats, rumors, suggestion, etc.; creating the image of a "common enemy"; development of tactics of actions; actions performed in a state of passion, as a result of the manifestation of a compensatory reaction (displacement of accumulated tension); participation in group excesses of a significant number of people prone to risk. 3. The situation after the riots. This stage is characterized by the situation after their elimination, which does not immediately become normal. The situation can be complicated at any time under the influence of rumors, dissatisfaction with the results of events. It must also be remembered that the psychological reaction of people to mass riots is different - from a depressive state to a mobilization state, therefore there is every reason to fear their resumption. This is evidenced by social practice. So, after the State Emergency Committee, the state of social tension, accompanied by riots and various kinds of excesses of varying degrees of intensity (for example, the collapse of the USSR, the events of the autumn of 1993 in Moscow, the criminalization of society, etc.), feverish our country until the mid-1990s. Thus, riots are an extremely dangerous social phenomenon, which is based on the actualization of the negative mass moods of the crowd. Without a doubt, there is the most direct connection between crowd behavior and public safety. Therefore, today, when its level is still not high enough, it is important for each person not only to know the rules of behavior in the crowd and the basic methods of protection in conditions of mass riots, but also to be able to put them into practice if necessary. Authors: Gubanov V.M., Mikhailov L.A., Solomin V.P.
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