Harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

The greatest damage from harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin apply the following:

carbon monoxide. It is formed during the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous substances. It enters the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions from industrial enterprises. It actively reacts with the constituent parts of the atmosphere, contributes to an increase in the temperature on the planet and the creation of a greenhouse effect. At least 1 million tons of this gas enters the atmosphere every year.

Sulfur dioxide. It is emitted during the combustion of sulfur-containing fuel or the processing of sulfurous ores (up to 170 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is released during the combustion of organic residues in mining dumps. In the United States alone, the total amount of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere is 65% of the global emissions.

Sulfuric anhydride. It is formed during the oxidation of sulfur dioxide. The end product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil, thereby exacerbating human respiratory diseases. The precipitation of sulfuric acid aerosol from smoke flares of chemical enterprises is observed at low cloudiness and high air humidity. The leaf blades of plants growing at a distance of less than 11 km from such enterprises are usually densely dotted with small necrotic spots formed at the sites of sedimentation of drops of sulfuric acid. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, as well as thermal power plants (TPPs) annually emit tens of millions of tons of sulfuric anhydride into the atmosphere.

Hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide. They enter the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur compounds. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing artificial fiber, sugar; coke-chemical, oil refining, and also oil fields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide undergo slow oxidation to sulfuric anhydride.

Nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, and celluloid. The amount of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is about 20 million tons per year.

Fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution - enterprises for the production of aluminum, enamels, glass, ceramics, steel, phosphate fertilizers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - hydrogen fluoride or dust of sodium and calcium fluoride. The compounds are characterized by a toxic effect. Fluorine derivatives are strong insecticides.

Chlorine compounds. They enter the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolytic alcohol, bleach, soda. The toxicity of chlorine is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration. In the metallurgical industry, during the smelting of pig iron and its processing into steel, various heavy metals and toxic gases are released into the atmosphere. So, per 11 tons of pig iron, in addition to 12,7 kg of sulfur dioxide, another 14,5 kg of dust particles are released, which include compounds of arsenic, phosphorus, antimony, lead, as well as mercury vapor and rare metals, tar substances and cyanide. hydrogen.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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A Pentagon official said that the XM25 grenade launcher will soon drop the letter "X", which means that the product is experimental. In other words, the XM25 will go into production, though at first in small batches - the first series will have 1100 grenade launchers and their ammunition. The US Army is currently working on implementing some improvements regarding the fire control system, battery life, grenade weight and size. After the completion of this work, the US Army will receive weapons ready for widespread combat use.

The XM25 grenade launcher is a 5,5 kg semi-automatic four-shot grenade launcher equipped with a smart sight with built-in thermal imager, ballistic computer and range finder. The sight allows you to detect the enemy at any time of the day and in any weather, determine the range to the target and program a 25-mm grenade to detonate in a certain place near the enemy, for example, above a trench, a tank hatch, in a window opening, etc. This allows you to reliably hit the target behind shelters that protect against conventional small arms fire. Based on several hundred episodes of the use of the XM25 in Afghanistan, the military concluded that the new weapon is much more effective than most wearable support weapons. A shot from the XM25 usually stops the Taliban attack, and the grenade launcher provides high accuracy at a distance of up to 500 m, that is, further than the Kalashnikov assault rifle.

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