What were the paths of economic and political development of France in the second half of the XNUMXth century? Detailed answer

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What were the paths of economic and political development of France in the second half of the XNUMXth century? Detailed answer

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What were the paths of economic and political development of France in the second half of the XNUMXth century?

On the anniversary of the coronation of Napoleon I on December 2, 1852, Louis Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor under the name of Napoleon III.

The political regime of the Second Empire was established in the country. The new emperor enjoyed the support of the peasants, a significant part of the bourgeoisie. But among Republicans, Napoleon III was unpopular.

Napoleon III wanted to strengthen his not very popular regime with the help of military victories. France, together with England, participated in the Crimean War, and colonial wars continued in Algeria. Together with England, French troops fought in China. Many military plans cost money. Despite the successes in the economic development of the country, revolutionary ferment was growing in it. Within the country, the liberal opposition intensified, demanding the establishment of a republic.

A government crisis developed in France - the Second Empire barely held power. In this situation, Napoleon III and his entourage decided that a victorious war with Prussia could save the situation. It was supposed to prevent the unification of Germany, which was seen as a threat to France's leadership in Europe. On July 19, 1870, France declared war on Prussia. But the Franco-Prussian war ended with the complete defeat of France. The surrender of the Sedan fortress was especially tragic. It was here, near Sedan, that Napoleon III found his Waterloo. The second empire ceased to exist.

After the military defeat, the Parisian deputies, meeting in the town hall, proclaimed a republic and formed the Provisional Government of National Defense. In January 1871, this government signed an armistice with Prussia and then held elections for a National Assembly that would approve the peace treaty. According to this treaty, France was obliged to transfer Alsace and more than a third of Lorraine to Germany, as well as pay 5 billion francs in indemnity. The National Assembly approved these conditions.

The war upset the economic development of the country. This led to the intensification of the revolutionary struggle. On March 18, 1871, the Parisians opposed the current government. On March 26, elections were held for the Paris Commune, a body of city self-government. Government officials and most of the wealthy strata of the capital left Paris and moved to Versailles. The Versailles government considered the Communards to be rebels, and from the beginning of April, armed clashes began between the fighters of the Commune and the Versailles troops. On May 21, the Versaillese managed to break into Paris. On May 28, the Communards ceased resistance.

After the suppression of the Paris Commune, political reaction raged in France. The political initiative passed into the hands of the monarchists. But among their supporters there was no unity regarding the prospects for the development of the country. This saved the republic. In 1875, the National Assembly had to adopt a constitution that established a republic in France. This is how the Third Republic arose, which lasted until the Second World War.

From the end of the 1870s. the country began a period of reforms. The French people achieved the adoption of a number of democratic laws. France became the first secular state among Western European countries. The possibilities of the monarchists were gradually reduced. Republican principles were strengthened in the life of French society. The labor movement was gaining momentum in the country, and the socialists began to play an ever greater role in it. In 1880 the Labor Party was formed. The socialists J. Guesde and P. Lafargue took a great part in its formation. In 1905, the United Workers' Party was created, the leader of which was an outstanding figure in the socialist movement, J. Jaurès.

The structuring of the socialist forces changed the overall picture of the political life of the country. Instead of an alternative - a republic or a monarchy - a different perspective loomed before French society.

But along with the leftist movement in the country there were forces of reaction that fomented chauvinism and revanchism. The ideas of revenge - the return of Alsace and Lorraine, which had gone to Germany after the Franco-Prussian War - pushed the ruling circles first to prepare, and then to participate in the First World War.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

By what accident did Louis Pasteur discover vaccination?

One of the most important steps in the search for means of combating serious infectious diseases was made by the French microbiologist Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). He discovered that a severe infectious disease can be reduced to a much weaker form by injecting a person with weakened microbes that cause this disease.

Giving credit to Edward Jenner, who discovered vaccination against smallpox, Pasteur also called the way he discovered to prevent infectious diseases by vaccination, although his weakened bacteria had nothing to do with the actual "vaccination" (cowpox). Since then, the term "vaccination" has been used to refer to any inoculation against a disease, and the drug used for this procedure has come to be called a vaccine.

Pasteur made his discovery to a certain extent by accident. Working with the bacteria that cause fowl cholera, he concentrated the bacterial preparations to such an extent that their introduction under the skin, even in negligible amounts, caused the death of chickens within a day. One day, while conducting his experiments, he accidentally used a culture of bacteria from a week ago. This time, the disease in chickens was mild, and they all soon recovered. Pasteur decided that this bacterial culture had gone bad and prepared a new, more virulent one. But the introduction of a new culture did not lead to the death of the birds, which recovered after the introduction of "spoiled" bacteria.

Pasteur realized that infecting chickens with weakened bacteria caused them to develop a protective reaction that could prevent the development of the disease when highly virulent microorganisms entered the body.

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Fish oil protects against schizophrenia 23.08.2015

Researchers at the University of Melbourne, together with colleagues from the Medical University of Vienna, have carried out several clinical experiments with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). They are found in eggs, nuts, linseed oil, chia plants, but they are especially abundant in fish oil. In earlier studies, it was shown that omega-3s suppress inflammation, on the other hand, in patients with schizophrenia, their levels drop sharply.

The new study involved several dozen young people aged 13 to 25 with early symptoms of the disease: for example, some already had auditory hallucinations ("voices in the head"), but they lasted only a few days, others thought that someone or something trying to harm them, but these thoughts have so far managed to be quickly suppressed. Often such symptoms in less than a year turn into full-fledged schizophrenia.

Half of the young people were given fish oil capsules fortified with omega-12 fatty acids for 3 weeks, while the other half received a placebo in which fish oil tasted only. After a course of tablets, the participants in the experiment were observed for about 7 years. The results were as follows: only 10% of those who took fish oil developed schizophrenia, and 40% of those who took placebo.

Several years of observations speak in favor of new data, which means that the psychoprotective effect of fish oil lasts a long time. However, not too many people participated in the experiment, so now the study needs to be repeated with larger statistics.

Omega-3s have a great advantage over conventional antipsychotic drugs in that omega-3s do not have side effects - they do not increase cholesterol, do not become overweight, and do not increase the risk of diabetes. Everyone heard about polyunsaturated fatty acids, for some time they thought that they treated everything in general, but then, as they say, nuances began to appear. For example, their benefits for the heart and blood vessels are still in doubt.

At the same time, there is an opinion that doubts about PUFAs arise due to the fact that purified polyunsaturated fatty acids are used in experiments. Indeed, there is evidence that the benefits of omega-3 will be if they are not consumed in their pure form, but together, and if, moreover, different types of PUFAs in the preparation are in certain ratios, and that it is best to eat fish oil itself or fish. Well, in the described study about schizophrenia, fish oil itself was used.

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