Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Aerosol pollution of the atmosphere. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

Aerosols are solid or liquid particles suspended in the air. The solid components of aerosols in some cases are especially dangerous for a living organism, and in humans they cause specific diseases. In the atmosphere, aerosol pollution is perceived in the form of smoke, fog, mist or haze.

A significant part of aerosols is formed in the atmosphere when solid and liquid particles interact with each other or with water vapor. The average size of aerosol particles is 11-51 microns. About 11 m3 of dust-like particles of artificial origin annually enter the Earth's atmosphere. A large number of dust particles are also formed during the production activities of people.

Information about some sources of man-made dust is given below:

Manufacturing process	Dust emission, million tons/year
Burning hard coal	93,6
Smelting pig iron	20,21
Copper smelting (without refining)	6,23
Zinc smelting	0,18
Tin smelting (without refining)	0,004
Lead smelting	0,13
Cement production	53,37

The main sources of artificial aerosol air pollution are thermal power plants that consume high-ash coal, as well as processing plants, metallurgical, cement, magnesite and carbon black plants. Aerosol particles from these sources are distinguished by a wide variety of chemical composition. Most often, compounds of silicon, calcium and carbon are found in them, less often - metal oxides: iron, magnesium, manganese, zinc, copper, nickel, lead, antimony, bismuth, selenium, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum; asbestos is found.

An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, acid salts. Such dust is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, in the process of pyrolysis in oil refineries, petrochemical and similar enterprises.

Permanent sources of aerosol pollution are industrial dumps - artificial embankments from the waste of processing industries, as well as thermal power plants. Mass blasting also serves as a source of dust and poisonous gases. So, as a result of one medium-sized explosion (1250-3000 tons of explosives), about 12 thousand m3 of conventional carbon monoxide and more than 1150 tons of dust are released into the atmosphere. The production of cement and other building materials is also a source of air pollution with dust. The main technological processes of these industries - grinding and chemical processing of charges, semi-finished products and products obtained in hot gas streams - are always accompanied by emissions of dust and other harmful substances into the atmosphere.

Atmospheric pollutants include both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. They undergo various transformations, oxidation, polymerization, interacting with other atmospheric pollutants after being excited by solar radiation. As a result of these reactions, peroxide compounds, free radicals, compounds of hydrocarbons with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur are formed - often in the form of aerosol particles.

Under certain weather conditions, especially large accumulations of harmful gaseous and aerosol impurities can form in the surface air layer. This usually happens when there is an inversion in the air layer directly above the sources of gas and dust emission - the location of a layer of colder air under warm air, which prevents the movement of air masses and delays the transfer of impurities upward. In this case, harmful emissions are concentrated under the inversion layer, their content near the ground increases sharply, which is one of the reasons for the formation of a photochemical fog previously unknown in nature.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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