Distribution of poisonous industrial substances and signs of poisoning by them. OBZhD

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Distribution of poisonous industrial substances and signs of poisoning by them. Basics of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

A group of potent toxic substances has 34 titles. Of these, 21 substances belong to AHOV.

AHOV (emergency chemically hazardous substances) are chemically hazardous substances used at national economy facilities, the ingress of which into the air, water, soil can cause mass death of people, animals and plants.

AHOV can be simple and complex, have different physical and chemical properties. All these substances are united by the ability to have a damaging effect on the body - when it comes into contact with the skin in a drop-liquid state, as well as when their vapors or the smallest solid particles are inhaled.

To characterize the toxic properties of AHOV, the concepts of MPC are used - the maximum permissible concentration, threshold toxo dose, lethal toxo dose.

Toxodose (toxic dose) is the amount of a substance that causes a toxic effect. It depends on the way the substance enters the body, on its properties, the degree of toxicity, and also on the state of the body at the time of exposure to the substance.

The degree of toxicity is an indicator characterizing the possible adverse effect on a person of a given substance during prolonged contact, determined on the basis of GOST 12.1.007.

Threshold toxodosis is the dose of a substance that causes the first signs of infection in 50% of those affected.

Lethal toxodose is the dose that causes death in 50% of those affected.

In an industrial accident with the release of hazardous chemicals, a primary contaminated cloud is formed, from which the substance then settles on the ground. In case of accidents of tanks and pipelines, areas of placer or spill of a hazardous substance are formed. When it evaporates from the contaminated area, a secondary cloud is formed, consisting only of the vapors of this substance.

Chemical damage to people can occur both with direct exposure to the substance at the time of the accident, and (secondarily) when they come into contact with contaminated terrain or objects, and equipment and vehicles can occur when they overcome contaminated areas of the territory.

A feature of hazardous chemicals is the fact that they do not have a direct impact on buildings, structures and technological equipment, but they pollute them, which excludes contact with people and adversely affects the production activities of enterprises. Work at contaminated sites is resumed only after the degassing of structures, buildings, industrial premises and the surrounding area.

Among the numerous toxic substances used in industrial production and the economy, chlorine and ammonia are the most widely used.

Chlorine - yellow-green gas with a pungent odor. It is heavier than air, therefore it accumulates in low-lying areas of the area, penetrates into the lower floors and basements of buildings. Severely irritating to the respiratory system, eyes and skin. When spilled from faulty containers, it "smokes".

It is used in cotton mills for bleaching fabrics, in the production of paper, in the manufacture of rubber, at water disinfection stations.

Precautionary measures:

do not approach the danger zone closer than 200 m;
keep to windward;
avoid low surface areas, basements;
do not touch the spilled substance;
in case of fire, do not touch the container;
after leaving the outbreak, undergo a medical examination. Signs of poisoning: sharp pain in the chest, dry cough, vomiting, pain in the eyes, watery eyes.

First aid for chlorine poisoning, the victim should be put on a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage (folded handkerchief, scarf, towel, etc.), after wetting it with water or a 2% solution of baking soda. Take him out of the infection zone, rinse the exposed areas of the body with running water (rinse for 15 minutes), and eyes with a 1% solution of boric acid; give a warm, plentiful drink (tea, milk, etc.), then take the victim to a medical facility.

Ammonia - a colorless gas with a pungent smell of "ammonia", lighter than air. Acute ammonia poisoning causes damage to the respiratory tract and eyes.

It is used at facilities where refrigeration units operate (meat processing plants, vegetable warehouses, fish canning plants), in the production of fertilizers and other chemical products.

Precautionary measures:

do not approach the accident site closer than 200 m;
keep to windward;
observe fire safety measures;
do not smoke;
eliminate sources of fire and sparks;
do not touch the spilled substance;
in case of fire, do not approach the containers;
after leaving the outbreak, undergo a medical examination.

Signs of poisoning: runny nose, cough, choking, lacrimation, heart palpitations.

First aid for ammonia poisoning, the victim should be put on a gas mask or a cotton-gauze bandage (folded handkerchief, scarf, towel, etc.), after wetting it with water or a 5% solution of citric acid. Take him out of the infection zone, rinse the exposed areas of the body with running water for 15 minutes, and wash his eyes with a 1% solution of boric acid and give a warm, plentiful drink (tea, milk, etc.), then take him to a medical facility.

Mercury - heavy mobile liquid of silvery color - liquid metal. Not soluble in water. Heavier than water. Easily volatile, well absorbed by any surface. Mercury vapor is heavier than air. Accumulates in low areas of the surface, basements, tunnels.

It is used in the production of mercury lamps, instrumentation, thermometers, manometers, barometers.

Precautionary measures:

do not enter the danger zone (the radius of the danger zone is 50 m);
keep to windward;
avoid low surface areas, basements;
do not touch the spilled substance;
after leaving the outbreak, undergo a medical examination.

Danger to humans and signs of poisoning. Mercury is dangerous by inhalation, skin contact. Works through intact skin.

Symptoms: cough, sore throat and sore throat, metallic taste in the mouth, salivation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, fainting, trembling of the limbs, unsteady gait, confusion, speech disturbances.

First aid for mercury poisoning. Call an ambulance. Wash eyes with plenty of water, skin with soap and water. Rinse the stomach by adding 1-20 g of activated charcoal to 30 glass of water, then give an enveloping drink (jelly, etc.), expectorants, laxatives to drink. Then - fresh air, peace, warmth, clean clothes.

In industrial production, such potent toxic substances as hydrocyanic acid, hydrogen sulfide, phosgene, etc. are widely used.

Hydrocyanic acid widely used in chemical plants, plastics, plexiglass and artificial fiber factories. It is also used as an agricultural pest control agent.

Hydrogen sulfide It is a colorless gas with a pungent odor. It, like chlorine, is heavier than air, therefore, in case of an accident, it spreads along the ground, filling low places, ravines, flowing into basements, cellars, and the first floors of buildings. In industry, it is obtained at petrochemical and gas processing plants, in the production of sulfuric acid.

Phosgene It is a colorless, highly toxic gas. It is distinguished by the sweet smell of rotten fruit, rotting leaves or wet hay. Heavier than air. It is used in the manufacture of various solvents, dyes, medicines and other substances.

When providing self- and mutual assistance, first of all, it is necessary to protect the respiratory organs from further exposure to hazardous chemicals, leave the contamination zone and contact a health worker.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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